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Rational Choice and Social Welfare : Theory and Applications
The papers in this volume explore various issues relating to theories of rational choice and social welfare and their applications. The topics include resource allocation problems, population ethics, rationalizability of choice functions and demand functions for money, game theory, individual rights, and measurements of vulnerability, diversity, and changes in individual welfare. Researchers and advanced graduate students who want to learn more about such topics will find the book very useful.
Quantum Optics : Including Noise Reduction, Trapped Ions, Quantum Trajectories, and Decoherence
Quantum Optics gives a very broad coverage of basic laser-related phenomena that allow scientist and engineers to carry out research in quantum optics and laser physics. It covers quantization of the electromagnetic field, quantum theory of coherence, atom-field interaction models, resonance fluorescence, quantum theory of damping, laser theory using both the master equation and the Langevin theory, the correlated emission laser, input-output theory with applications to non-linear optics, quantum trajectories, quantum non-demolition measurements and generation of non-classical vibrational states of ions in a Paul trap. In this second edition, there is an enlarged chapter on decoherence, as well as additional material dealing with elements of quantum computation, entanglement of pure and mixed states as well as a chapter on quantum copying and processors.
Quantum Optics
Quantum Optics gives a comprehensive coverage of developments in quantum optics over the past years. In the early chapters the formalism of quantum optics is elucidated and the main techniques are introduced. These are applied in the later chapters to problems such as squeezed states of light, resonance fluorescence, laser theory, quantum theory of four-wave mixing, quantum non-demolition measurements, Bell's inequalities, and atom optics. Experimental results are used to illustrate the theory throughout. This yields the most comprehensive and up-to-date coverage of experiment and theory in quantum optics in any textbook. More than 40 exercises helps readers test their understanding and provide practice in quantitative problem solving.
Quality Of Protection : Security Measurements and Metrics
Information security in the business setting has matured in the last few decades. Standards, such as IS017799, the Common Criteria’s, and a number of industry and academic certifications and risk analysis methodologies, have raised the bar on what is considered good security solution, from a business perspective. Yet, the evaluation of security solutions has largely a qualitative flavor. Notions such as Security Metrics, Quality of Protection (QoP) or Protection Level Agreement (PLA) have only surfaced in the literature. Quality of Protection: Security Measurements and Metrics is an edited volume based on the Quality of Protection Workshop at ESORICS 2005, the flagship European Symposium on Research in Computer Security. This book discusses how security research can progress towards a notion of quality of protection in security, comparable to the notion of quality of service in networking and software measurements and metrics, in empirical software engineering.
Proceedings of the 4th International Workshop on Wearable an Implantable Body Sensor Networks (BSN 2007 ; March 26-28, 2007 RWTH Aachen University, Germany
The last decade has witnessed a rapid surge of interest in new sensing and monitoring devices for healthcare and the use of wearable, implantable and ambient devices for medical applications. The papers presented at BSN 2007 by leading scientists from computing, biotechnology, engineering and medicine address general issues related to on-body and in-body sensors. They discuss the latest technical developments and highlight novel applications of body-sensor networks in clinical settings, at home and on-the-move. Topics covered include new medical measurements, smart bio-sensing textiles, low-power wireless networking, system integration, medical signal processing, multi-sensor data fusion, and on-going standardization activities.
Precision Spectroscopy in Astrophysics ; Proceedings of the ESO/Lisbon/Aveiro Conference held in Aveiro, Portugal, 11–15 September 2006
High-accuracy Doppler shift measurements and high-precision spectroscopy are primary techniques in the search for exo-planets. Further extremely interesting applications include the analysis of QSO absorption lines to determine the variability of physical constants and the analysis of the isotopic ratios of absorption lines both in stars and in QSOs, and the determination of stellar oscillations through radial velocity measurements. Since the use of high-precision/resolution spectroscopy is closely connected to the ability to collect a large number of photons, the scientific domains using this technique benefit tremendously from the use of 8-meter class telescopes and will fully exploit the tremendous gain provided by future Extremely Large Telescopes (ELTs). IR high-resolution spectroscopy should soon approach the same accuracy regime achieved in the optical range.
Precision Landmark Location for Machine Vision and Photogrammetry : Finding and Achieving the Maximum Possible Accuracy
The applications of image-based measurement are many and various: image-guided surgery, mobile-robot navigation, component alignment, part inspection and photogrammetry, among others. In all these applications, landmarks are detected and located in images, and measurements made from those locations.Precision Landmark Location for Machine Vision and Photogrammetry addresses the ubiquitous problem of measurement error associated with determining the location of landmarks in images. With a detailed model of the image formation process and landmark location estimation.
Precision Electroweak Physics at Electron-Positron Colliders
This up-to-date volume reviews the recent contributions of electron-positron colliders to the precision test of the electroweak Standard Model. In particular, it contains a short summary of the measurements at the Z resonance and gives an overview of the electroweak processes above the Z.
Potassium channels : Methods and protocols
Explores the widespread involvement of K+ channels in cellular processes, which makes these membrane proteins intriguing targets for both fundamental scientific inquiry and the development of pharmaceutical compounds. The chapters in this book provide an in-depth look at various techniques and the latest protocols commonly used in ion channel research to investigate K+ channel structures, functions, and their interactions with drugs. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.
Polyelectrolytes and Nanoparticles
Guides chemists through demonstrations of synergistic effects between polyelectrolytes and nanoparticles. After a short introduction into the field of polyelectrolytes and polyelectrolyte characterization, the role of polyelectrolytes in the process of nanoparticle formation is discussed in more detail. However, polyelectrolytes can directly influence the growing of nanoparticles and also can stabilize the nanoparticles formed. Therefore, the nanoparticle formation in polyelectrolyte-modified template phases, e.g. microemulsions, is of growing interest. Finally, methods for characterization of the polyelectrolyte-modified nanoparticles are explained. The adsorption of polyelectrolytes can be detected by measuring the zeta potential at the nanoparticle surface by means of electrophoretic light scattering, acoustophoresis or streaming potential measurements.
Polarization Mode Dispersion
This book contains a series of tutorial essays on polarization mode dispersion (PMD) by the leading experts in the field. It starts with an introductory review of the basic concepts and continues with more advanced topics, including a thorough review of PMD mitigation techniques. Topics covered include mathematical representation of PMD, how to properly model PMD in numerical simulations, how to accurately measure PMD and other related polarization effects, and how to infer fiber properties from polarization measurements. It includes discussions of other polarization effects such as polarization-dependent loss and the interaction of PMD with fiber nonlinearity. It additionally covers systems issues like the impact of PMD on wavelength division multiplexed systems. This book is intended for research scientists or engineers who wish to become familiar with PMD and its system impacts.
Persistent Organic Pollutants in the Great Lakes
Brings together what is known about the major classes of these pollutants in the Great Lakes. Each chapter reviews our knowledge of the extent of contamination of the various parts of the Great Lakes ecosystem (air, water, sediment, fishes, birds, etc.), what is known about the trends over time of this contamination, and knowledge about the mechanisms by which these pollutants are mobilized in the lakes. Detailed information is presented on polychlorinated biphenyls, polychlorinated dibenzo-p-dioxins and dibenzofurans, pesticides, toxaphene, polychlorinated naphthalenes, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons, brominated flame retardants, and perfluoroalkyl acids. These reviews make this volume an invaluable resource for all those involved in environmental research, measurements, and decision making.
Passive Eye Monitoring : Algorithms, Applications and Experiments
A comprehensive in-depth coverage of both theory and practice of cutting-edge Passive Eye (-Gaze) Monitoring technology. It describes and examines vision algorithms, Human Factors methodologies, and hardware build in eye-gaze monitoring systems designed for various real-world applications, along with practical issues, including performance on experimental subjects, real-time measurements, and user calibration, feedback and acceptance. It helps you to understand the motivations, activities, trends and directions of researchers and engineers in Intelligent Human Machine Interaction and Eye Tracking in today's market, and offers you a view of the future of this rapidly evolving technological area.
Passive and Active Network Measurement ; 6th International Workshop, PAM 2005, Boston, MA, USA, March 31 - April 1, 2005, Proceedings
Welcome to the 6th International Workshop on Passive and Active Measurement, held in Boston, Massuchusetts. PAM 2005 was organized by Boston University, with ?nancial support from Endace Measurement Systems and Intel. PAM continues to grow and mature as a venue for research in all aspects of Internet measurement. This trend is being driven by increasing interest and activity in the ?eld of Internet measurement. To accommodate the increasing interest in PAM, this year the workshop added a Steering Committee, whose members will rotate, to provide continuity and oversight of the PAM workshop series. PAM plays a special role inthemeasurementcommunity. Itemphasizespr- matic, relevant research in the area of network and Internet measurement. Its focus re?ects the increasing understanding that measurement is critical to e?- tive engineering of the Internet’s components. This is clearly a valuable role, as evidenced by the yearly increases in the number of submissions, interest in, and attendance at PAM. PAM received 84 submissions this year. Each paper was reviewed by three or four Program Committee (PC) members during the ?rst round. Papers that received con?icting scores were further reviewed by additional PC members or external reviewers (typically two). After all reviews were received, each paper with con?icting scores was discussed extensively by its reviewers, until a c- sensus was reached. The PC placed particular emphasis on selecting papers that were fresh and exciting research contributions. Also, strong preference was given to papers that included validation results based on real measurements.
Particle Image Velocimetry : New Developments and Recent Applications
Particle Image Velocimetry (PIV) is a non-intrusive optical measurement technique which allows capturing several thousand velocity vectors within large flow fields instantaneously. Today, the PIV technique has spread widely and differentiated into many distinct applications, from micro flows over combustion to supersonic flows for both industrial needs and research. Over the past decade the measurement technique and the hard- and software have been improved continuously so that PIV has become a reliable and accurate method for "real life" investigations. Nevertheless there is still an ongoing process of improvements and extensions of the PIV technique towards 3D, time resolution, higher accuracy, measurements under harsh conditions and micro- and macroscales. This book gives a synopsis of the main results achieved during the EC-funded network PivNet 2 as well as a survey of the state-of-the-art of scientific research using PIV techniques in different fields of application.
Outer Magnetospheric Boundaries : Cluster Results
When the stream of plasma emitted from the Sun (the solar wind) encounters Earth's magnetic field, it slows down and flows around it, leaving behind a cavity, the magnetosphere. The magnetopause is the surface that separates the solar wind on the outside from the Earth's magnetic field on the inside. Because the solar wind moves at supersonic speed, a bow shock must form ahead of the magnetopause that acts to slow the solar wind to subsonic speeds. Magnetopause, bow shock and their environs are rich in exciting processes in collisionless plasmas, such as shock formation, magnetic reconnection, particle acceleration and wave-particle interactions. They are interesting in their own right, as part of Earth's environment, but also because they are prototypes of similar structures and phenomena that are ubiquitous in the universe, having the unique advantage that they are accessible to in situ measurements. The boundaries of the magnetosphere have been the target of direct in-situ measurements since the beginning of the space age. But because they are constantly moving, changing their orientation, and undergoing evolution, the interpretation of single-spacecraft measurements has been plagued by the fundamental inability of a single observer to unambiguously distinguish spatial from temporal changes. The boundaries are thus a prime target for the study by a closely spaced fleet of spacecraft. Thus the Cluster mission, with its four spacecraft in a three-dimensional configuration at variable separation distances, represents a giant step forward. The present 20th volume of the ISSI Space Science Series represents the first synthesis of the exciting new results obtained in the first few years of the Cluster mission.
Optical Frequency-Modulated Continuous-Wave (FMCW) Interferometry
Introduces the optical frequency-modulated continuous-wave (FMCW) interferometry - a new field of optics that is derived from radar. The study of optical FMCW interference not only updates our knowledge about the nature of light, but also creates an advanced technology for precision measurements. The principles, applications and signal processing of optical FMCW interference are systematically discussed. This book is intended for scientists and engineers in both academia and industry. It is especially suited to professionals who are working in the field of measurement instruments.
Open Quantum Systems III : Recent Developments
Present in a self-contained way the mathematical theories involved in the modeling of such phenomena. They describe physically relevant models, develop their mathematical analysis and derive their physical implications. Volume III is devoted to recent developments and applications. The topics discussed include the non-equilibrium properties of open quantum systems, the Fermi Golden Rule and weak coupling limit, quantum irreversibility and decoherence, qualitative behaviour of quantum Markov semigroups and continual quantum measurements.
Multiscale processes in the earth’s magnetosphere : From interball to cluster ; Proceedings of the NATO ARW on Multiscale Processes in the Earth's Magnetosphere: From Interball to Cluster, Prague, Czech Republic from 9 to 12 September 2003
The past forty years of space research have seen a substantial improvement in our understanding of the Earth’s magnetosphere and its coupling with the solar wind and interplanetary magnetic ?eld (IMF). The magnetospheric str- ture has been mapped and major processes determining this structure have been de?ned. However, the picture obtained is too often static. We know how the magnetosphere forms via the interaction of the solar wind and IMF with the Earth’s magnetic ?eld. We can describe the steady state for various upstream conditions but do not really understand the dynamic processes leading from one state to another. The main dif?culty is that the magnetosphere is a comp- cated system with many time constants ranging from fractions of a second to days and the system rarely attains a steady state. Two decades ago, it became clear that further progress would require multi-point measurements. Since then, two multi-spacecraft missions have been launched — INTERBALL in 1995/96 and CLUSTER II in 2000. The objectives of these missions d- fered but were complementary: While CLUSTER is adapted to meso-scale processes, INTERBALL observed larger spatial and temporal scales. However, the number of papers taking advantage of both missions simul- neously is rather small.
Molecular Beams in Physics and Chemistry : From Otto Stern's Pioneering Exploits to Present-Day Feats
This book gives a comprehensive account of both the history and current achievements of molecular beam research. In 1919, Otto Stern launched the revolutionary molecular beam technique. This technique made it possible to send atoms and molecules with well-defined momentum through vacuum and to measure with high accuracy the deflections they underwent when acted upon by transversal forces. These measurements revealed unforeseen quantum properties of nuclei, atoms, and molecules that became the basis for our current understanding of quantum matter. This volume shows that many key areas of modern physics and chemistry owe their beginnings to the seminal molecular beam work of Otto Stern and his school. Written by internationally recognized experts, the contributions in this volume will help experienced researchers and incoming graduate students alike to keep abreast of current developments in molecular beam research as well as to appreciate the history and evolution of this powerful method and the knowledge it reveals.
