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Ontologies for Agents : Theory and Experiences
On the other hand, ontologies have established themselves as a powerful tool to enable kno- edge sharing, and a growing number of applications have bene?ted from the use of ontologies as a means to achieve semantic interoperability among heterogeneous, distributed systems. In principle ontologies and agents are a match made in heaven, that has failed to happen. What makes a simple piece of software an agent is its ability to communicate in a ”social” environment, to make autonomous decisions, and to be proactive on behalf of its user. Communication ultimately depends on und- standing the goals, preferences, and constraints posed by the user. Autonomy is theabilitytoperformataskwithlittleornouserintervention,whileproactiveness involves acting autonomously with no need for user prompting. Communication, but also autonomy and proactiveness, depend on knowledge. The ability to c- municate depends on understanding the syntax (terms and structure) and the semantics of a language. Ontologies provide the terms used to describe a domain and the semantics associated with them. In addition, ontologies are often comp- mented by some logical rules that constrain the meaning assigned to the terms. These constraints are represented by inference rules that can be used by agents to perform the reasoning on which autonomy and proactiveness are based.
Nuel Belnap on Indeterminism and Free Action
Seeks to further the use of formal methods in clarifying one of the central problems of philosophy: that of our free human agency and its place in our indeterministic world. It celebrates the important contributions made in this area by Nuel Belnap, American logician and philosopher. Philosophically, indeterminism and free action can seem far apart, but in Belnap’s work, they are intimately linked. This book explores their philosophical interconnectedness through a selection of original research papers that build forth on Belnap’s logical and philosophical work. Some contributions take the form of critical discussions of Belnap's published work, some develop points made in his publications in new directions, and others provide additional insights on the topics of indeterminism and free action.
New Horizons in the Analysis of Control and Raising
Raising and control have figured in every comprehensive model of syntax for forty years. Recent renewed attention to them makes this collection a timely one. The contributions, representing some of the most exciting recent work, address many fundamental research questions. What beside the canonical constructions might be subject to raising or control analyses? What constructions traditionally treated as raising or control might not actually be so? What classes of control must be recognized? How do tense, agreement, or clausal completeness figure in their distribution? The chapters address these and other relevant issues, and bring new empirical data into focus.
Natural Language Processing – IJCNLP 2004 ; 1st International Joint Conference, Hainan Island, China, March 22-24, 2004, Revised Selected Papers
This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the First International Joint Conference on Natural Language Processing, IJCNLP 2004, held in Hainan Island, China in March 2004. The 84 revised full papers presented in this volume were carefully selected during two rounds of reviewing and improvement from 211 papers submitted. The papers are organized in topical sections on dialogue and discourse; FSA and parsing algorithms; information extractions and question answering; information retrieval; lexical semantics, ontologies, and linguistic resources; machine translation and multilinguality; NLP software and applications, semantic disambiguities; statistical models and machine learning; taggers, chunkers, and shallow parsers; text and sentence generation; text mining; theories and formalisms for morphology, syntax, and semantics; word segmentation; NLP in mobile information retrieval and user interfaces; and text mining in bioinformatics.
Mysteries of English Grammar : A Guide to complexities of the English Language
Despite a history of hundreds of years of research analysing aspects of English grammar, there are still open problems which continue to baffle language researchers today. Such ‘grammar mysteries’ arise for a number of reasons: because the language is changing; because different speakers of the language adhere to distinct norms and thus introduce and maintain variation in the system; because there are differences between the grammar of spoken and written English.
Morphosemantic Number : From Kiowa Noun Classes To UG Number Features
This volume presents: the foundations of a unified morphosemantic theory of number; insight into the flow of information from the lexicon, via syntax, into the morphology; wide-ranging topics: nominal semantics, noun classes, DP syntax, agreement, suppletion, complex morphology.
Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems ; Vol. 4199 ; 9th International Conference, MoDELS 2006, Genova, Italy, October 1-6, 2006, Proceedings
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 9th International Conference on Model Driven Engineering Languages and Systems (formerly the UML series of conferences), MoDELS 2006, held in Genova, Italy, in October 2006. The 51 revised full papers and 2 invited papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 178 initial submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on evaluating UML, MDA in software development, concrete syntax, applying UML to interaction and coordination, aspects, model integration, formal semantics of UML, security, model transformation tools and implementation, analyzing dynamic models, specifying transformations, MOF, bridging models, risk, trust and dependability, tool environments, OCL, roundtrip engineering, real time and embedded systems, as well as workshops, tutorials and panels.
Model Driven Architecture - Foundations and Applications ; 4th European Conference, ECMDA-FA 2008, Berlin, Germany, June 9-13, 2008. Proceedings
The 31 revised full papers presented - 21 research papers and 10 industry papers - were carefully reviewed and selected from 87 submissions. The papers address all current issues of model-driven architecture, i.e. model management, executable models, concrete syntaxes, aspects, and concerns, validation and testing, model-based systems engineering, model-driven development and service-oriented architectures, and the application of model-driven development. The papers are organized in topical sections on model management, executable models, concrete syntaxes, aspects and concerns, validation and testing, model-based systems engineering, model-driven development and service-oriented architectures, as well as surveys on applying model-driven development.
Microformats : Empowering Your Markup for Web 2.0
This book is a comprehensive guide to microformats. It explores why—in Bill Gates' words—"We need microformats," how microformats work, and the kinds of problems microformats help solve. The book covers every current microformat, with complete details of the syntax, semantics, and uses of each, along with real-world examples and a comprehensive survey of the tools available for working with them. the book also features case studies detailing how major web content publishers such as yahoo put microformats to work in their web applications.
Introduction to space syntax in urban studies
This textbook is a comprehensive introduction to space syntax method and theory for graduate students and researchers. It provides a step-by-step approach for its application in urban planning and design. This textbook aims to increase the accessibility of the space syntax method for the first time to all graduate students and researchers who are dealing with the built environment, such as those in the field of architecture, urban design and planning, urban sociology, urban geography, archaeology, road engineering, and environmental psychology. Taking a didactical approach, the authors have structured each chapter to explain key concepts and show practical examples followed by underlying theory and provided exercises to facilitate learning in each chapter
Introduction to C++ Programming and Graphics
Introduction to C++ Programming and Graphics offers a venue for rapidly learning the language by concisely revealing its grammar, syntax and main features, and by explaining the key ideas behind object oriented programming (OOP), with emphasis on scientific computing.
Intermediate German : A Grammar and Workbook
Intermediate German: A Grammar and Workbook is designed for learners who have achieved basic proficiency and now wish to progress to more complex language. Each of the units combines concise grammar explanations with examples and exercises to help build confidence and fluency.
Handbook of Word-Formation
This volume, intended both for advanced students and scholars of linguistics, traces the many strands of study in the field of word formation that have developed since the seminal work of Marchand and Lees in the 1960s. In mapping the state of the art in the field of word formation, it avoids a biased approach by presenting different, but mutually complementary frameworks within which research into word formation has taken place. It covers the historical development of theories of word formation within generative grammar, and affords a solid introduction to the treatment of word formation in cognitive grammar, natural morphology, optimality theory, Lexeme Morpheme Base Morphology, onomasiological theory, and other recent frameworks.
Grammatical Inference : Algorithms and Applications ; 8th International Colloquium, ICGI 2006, Tokyo, Japan, September 20-22, 2006, Proceedings
The topics discussed range from theoretical results of learning algorithms to innovative applications of grammatical inference and from learning several interesting classes of formal grammars to applications to natural language processing.
Foundations of C++/CLI : The Visual C++ Language for .NET 3.5
Foundations of C++/CLI: The Visual C++ Language for .NET 3.5 introduces C++/CLI, Microsoft's extensions to the C++ syntax that allow you to target the common language runtime, the key to the heart of the .NET Framework 3.5. This book gives you a small, fast–paced primer that will kick–start your journey into the world of C++/CLI. In 13 no–fluff chapters, Microsoft insiders take readers into the core of the C++/CLI language and explain both how the language elements work and how Microsoft intends them to be used. This book is a beginner's guide, but it assumes a familiarity with programming basics. And it concentrates on explaining the aspects of C++/CLI that make it the most powerful and fun language of the .NET Framework. As such, this book is ideal if you're thinking of migrating to C++/CLI from another language.
Foundation XML for Flash
XML is a completely platform-agnostic data medium. Flash is able to make use of XML data, which is very useful when creating rich Internet applications. It allows you to populate Flash web interfaces with data from almost any source that supports XML as a data medium, be it databases, raw XML files, or more excitingly, .NET applications, Web Services, and even Microsoft Office applications like Excel and Word! In this book, Sas Jacobs first introduces XML itself—what it is, its syntax, its associated technologies (such as CSS and XSLT,) and how to get XML out of your applications in a format Flash can use. Then, she shows how to use the XML object to stream XML data into Flash, and how to use the XMLConnector component and XML Sockets to build advanced Flash/XML applications.
Expert F#
Expert F# is about practical programming in a beautiful language that puts the power and elegance of functional programming into the hands of .NET developers. In combination with .NET, F# achieves unrivaled levels of programmer productivity and program clarity. This books serves as: The authoritative guide to F# by the designer of F#. A comprehensive reference of F# concepts, syntax, and features. A treasury of expert F# techniques for practical, real–world programming.
Existence: Semantics and Syntax
This collection is an important contribution to the semantic and syntactic analysis of the expression of existence. The volume focuses on the three main linguistic constructions expressing existence: copular clauses, existential sentences, and (in)definiteness. The papers analyze the interaction between the basic notion of existence and pervasive phenomena of natural language, such as quantification and presupposition. The contributions represent state of the art research on theoretical and comparative issues related to the expression of existence, and make extensive reference to the semantic and syntactic facts of English and of various other languages. The richness of new data and the juxtaposition of different theoretical stances bring a number of new questions into focus.
Evolutionary Epistemology, Language and Culture : A Non-Adaptationist, Systems Theoretical Approach
Today we know that natural selection and evolution are far from synonymous and that they do not explain isomorphic phenomena in the world. ‘Taking Darwin seriously’ is the way to go, but today the time has come to take alternative and complementary theories that developed after the Modern Synthesis, equally seriously, and, furthermore, to examine how language and culture can merit from these diverse disciplines.As this volume will make clear, a specific inter- and transdisciplinary approach is one of the next crucial steps that needs to be taken, if we ever want to unravel the secrets of phenomena such as language and culture.
Event Structure and the Left Periphery : Studies on Hungarian
This book provides substantial new results in a novel field of research examining the syntactic and semantic consequences of event structure. The studies of this volume examine the hypothesis that event structure correlates with word order, the presence or absence of the verbal particle, the [+/- specific] feature of the internal argument, aspect, focusing, negation, and negative quantification, among others. The results reported concern the telicising vs. perfectivizing role of the verbal particle; the syntactic and semantic differences of verbs denoting a delimited change, and those denoting creation or coming into being; evidence of viewpoint aspect in a language with no morphological viewpoint marking; the aspectual role of non-thematic objects; the source of the ‘exhaustive identification’ function of structural focus; the interaction of negation and aspect etc.
