الصفحة 70
الصفحة 70
Powder Diffraction : The Rietveld Method and the Two Stage Method to Determine and Refine Crystal Structures from Powder Diffraction Data
Crystal structure analysis from powder diffraction data has attracted considerable and ever growing interest in the last decades. X-ray powder diffraction is best known for phase analysis (Hanawalt files) dating back to the 30s. In the late 60s the inherent potential of powder diffraction for crystallographic problems was realized and scientists developed methods for using powder diffraction data at first only for the refinement of crystal structures. With the development of ever growing computer power profile fitting and pattern decomposition allowed to extract individual intensities from overlapping diffraction peaks opening the way to many other applications, especially to ab initio structure determination.
Poverty, Inequality and Development : Essays in Honor of Erik Thorbecke
Traditionally, there have been two strands in the analysis of poverty, inequality and development – a micro strand that focuses on individual behavior, welfare economics and the measurement of inequality and poverty; and a macro strand that analyzes economy-wide policies and the role of institutions. This unique volume brings together both strands in a series of essays written by leading experts in the field of economic development. Topics include measurement issues, micro-behavior determinants of poverty outcomes, economy-wide models in the SAM-CGE tradition and the institutional framework underlying macro policies.
Poverty Reduction Policies and Practices in Developing Asia
Looks at the major policy challenges facing developing Asia and how the region sustains rapid economic growth to reduce multidimensional poverty through socially inclusive and environmentally sustainable measures. Asia is facing many challenges arising from population growth, rapid urbanization, provision of services, climate change and the need to redress declining growth after the global financial crisis. This book examines poverty and related issues and aims to advance the development of new tools and measurement of multidimensional poverty and poverty reduction policy analysis. The book covers a wide range of issues, including determinants and causes of poverty and its changes; consequences and impacts of poverty on human capital formation, growth and consumption; assessment of poverty strategies and policies; the role of government, NGOs and other institutions in poverty reduction; rural-urban migration and poverty; vulnerability to poverty; breakdown of poverty into chronic and transitory components; and a comparative study on poverty issues in Asia and other regions.
Potassium channels : Methods and protocols
Explores the widespread involvement of K+ channels in cellular processes, which makes these membrane proteins intriguing targets for both fundamental scientific inquiry and the development of pharmaceutical compounds. The chapters in this book provide an in-depth look at various techniques and the latest protocols commonly used in ion channel research to investigate K+ channel structures, functions, and their interactions with drugs. Written in the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series format, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step, readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.
Post-Traumatic stress disorder (PTSD)
Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder is a wide spread disorder influence human life value and their production this disorder had many classifications before it has a specific classification and definition and the PTSD diagnosis was described in DSM III. Many studies have done to compute PTSD patients around the world including Syria especially after the recent war. PTSD differentiates into five types separated through several parameters. Trauma could immerge from many life events and because of that the development of PTSD engaged to many causes, while some of these trauma’s events can develop dissociation disorder in patients had PTSD.
Postmodern Analysis
“Modern Analysis” as represented in the works of the Bourbaki group or in the textbooks by Jean Dieudonn´ e is characterized by its systematic and axiomatic treatment and by its drive towards a high level of abstraction. Given the tendency of many prior treatises on analysis to degenerate into a collection of rather unconnected tricks to solve special problems, this de?nitely represented a healthy achievement. In any case, for the development of a consistent and powerful mathematical theory, it seems to be necessary to concentrate solely on the internal problems and structures and to neglect the relations to other ?elds of scienti?c, even of mathematical study for a certain while. Almost complete isolation may be required to reach the level of intellectual elegance and perfection that only a good mathem- ical theory can acquire. However, once this level has been reached, it can be useful to open one’s eyes again to the inspiration coming from concrete external problems.
Post-Agricultural Succession in the Neotropics
Post-Agricultural Succession in the Neotropics draws implications from scientific studies for the wise management of old field ecosystems in the neotropics, where conversion of land to cropping systems is the most common kind of disturbance and many landscapes are defined by areas recovering from agriculture. The book provides a background in old field ecosystems and proposes restoration strategies and a trajectory for future research.
Portraits of Influential Chinese Educators
This book conveys an understanding of China’s educational development from within. It does so through portraits of eleven influential educators whose ideas have shaped the educational reforms initiated by Deng Xiaoping in 1978. These eleven educators are portrayed in the context of their cultural heritage, families, communities and schools, offering their own deeply reflective interpretations of Chinese education. The book provides glimpses into the educational context of China’s recent move onto the world stage.
Population, Resources and Development : Riding the Age Waves ; Vol.1
In the 21st century, the populations of the world’s nations will display large and long-lived changes in age structure. Many of these began with fertility change and are amplified by declining mortality and by migration within and between nations. Demography will matter in this century not by force of numbers, but by the pressures of waves of age structural change.This book provides a joint examination of dimensions of age structural change that have often been considered in isolation from each other (for example, education, job creation, land use, health); it uses case studies to examine policy consequences and options and develops qualitative and formal methods to analyze the dynamics and consequences of age structural change.
Population Change and Rural Society
Dramatic reductions in labor requirements per unit of agricultural output were occurring everywhere and not just in the United States. But politically, blame had to be assigned, and whichever political party was not in the White House was certain to place the blame squarely on the current administration. The demographic consequences of this trend were major. In a 22-year period from 1941 to 1962, the net loss of farm population from migration and cessation of farming averaged over a million people per year. It took eight years after the war before an administration was willing to begin to talk about the need to diversify rural employment.
Polyvinylpyrrolidone Excipients for Pharmaceuticals : Povidone, Crospovidone and Copovidone
The book describes the properties, analytical methods and the applications of different polyvinylpyrrolidone excipients (povidone, crospovidone, copovidone etc.) for use in pharmaceutical preparations. This group of excipients is one of the most important excipients used in modern technology to produce drugs. The book is intended for all persons working in the research, development and quality control of drugs. It gives a survey of all applications in solid, liquid and semisolid dosage forms including many drug formulation examples and more than 600 references to the literature.
Polypharmacology : Strategies for multi-target drug discovery
Practical guide to navigate problems involved with promiscuous ligands and multi-target drug discovery, supported by case studies and real examples
Polymorphism in the pharmaceutical industry : Solid form and drug development
Highlights the relevance of polymorphism in modern pharmaceutical chemistry, with a focus on quality by design (QbD) concepts. It covers all important issues by way of case studies, ranging from properties and crystallization, via thermodynamics, analytics and theoretical modelling right up to patent issues. The book underscores the importance of solid-state chemistry within chemical and pharmaceutical development. It emphasizes why solid-state issues are important, the approaches needed to avoid problems and the opportunities offered by solid-state properties. The authors include true polymorphs as well as solvates and hydrates, while providing information on physicochemical properties, crystallization thermodynamics, quantum-mechanical modelling, and up-scaling. Important analytical tools to characterize solid-state forms and to quantify mixtures are summarized, and case studies on solid-state development processes in industry are also provided.
Polymer Therapeutics II : Polymers as Drugs, Conjugates and Gene Delivery Sytems
Drug delivery systems for cancer therapeutics have revolutionized medicine. De-livery systems have improved the efficacy and reduced the toxicity of current therapiesand resulted in the development of new ones. Today, millions of cancer patients have di-rectly benefited from drug delivery systems, and polymers have been at the frontline ofthese technological advances. Targeted delivery systems of chemotherapeutics to the tu-mour compartment can be achieved systemically, either passively or actively. Polymerconjugation radically changes the pharmacokinetics of the bound drug, and conjugateswith prolonged circulation times target tumours passively via the enhanced permeabil-ity and retention (EPR) effect.
Polymer Therapeutics I : Polymers as Drugs, Conjugates and Gene Delivery Systems
As the 21st century begins we are witnessing a paradigm shift in medical prac-tice. Whereas the use of polymers in biomedical materials applications – for example, asprostheses, medical devices, contact lenses, dental materials and pharmaceutical excipi-ents – is long established, polymer-based medicines have only recently entered routineclinical practice . Importantly, many of the innovative polymer-based therapeu-tics once dismissed as interesting but impractical scientific curiosities have now shownthat they can satisfy the stringent requirements of industrial development and regula-tory authority approval.
Polymer Particles
In this special volume on polymer particles, recent trends and developments in the synthesis of nano- to micron-sized polymer particles by radical polymerization (Emulsion, Miniemulsion, Microemulsion, and Dispersion Polymerizations) of vinyl monomers in environmentally friendly heterogeneous aqueous and supercritical carbon dioxide fluid media are reviewed by prominent worldwide researchers. In addition to the important challenges and possibilities with regards to design and preparation of functionalized polymer particles of controlled size, the topics described are of great current interest due to the increased awareness of environmental issues.
Pollution of the Sea : Prevention and Compensation
In May 2005, the International Max Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs organized an international conference addressing marine pollution. At the conf- ence venue, the International Tribunal for the Law of the Sea, academics and practitioners debated recent developments from an interdisciplinary perspective. The papers shed light upon ecological aspects, upon the efforts of the international community to prevent and combat marine pollution by appropriate institutions and regulations, and upon the compensation of losses which have occurred despite those efforts. The present volume collects the papers of the conference and at the same time conveys an impression of the diversity of subjects discussed in the International Max Planck Research School for Maritime Affairs.
Political Economies of Landscape Change : Places of Integrative Power
Examines the complex relationships between political economy and landscape change. It encompasses perspectives ranging from radical landscape interpretation to sustainable livelihoods, real estate economics, institutions, international landscape policies, and global finance. It asks what difference "design", can make within the broader structural contexts of landscape change. The perspectives in this book share a common concern for what economist and futurist Kenneth Boulding termed "integrative power" – the power of human solidarity, respect, and love – to direct political and economic change toward paths of sustainable landscape design.
Policy, Experience and Change : Cross-Cultural Reflections on Inclusive Education
Represents an original and innovatory series of insights, ideas and questions concerning inclusive education and cross-cultural understandings. Drawing on historical and cultural material, policy developments, legislation and research findings, the book provides a critical exploration of key issues including inclusive education, human rights, change, diversity and special educational needs. How these are defined and experienced within particular societies is a key focus of consideration. Contradictions, ambiguities, complexities and differences within and between societies are identified and discussed. Each contributor offers some insights into their own developments and struggles in the pursuit of inclusive thinking, values and practices.
Policy Reforms and Agriculture Development in Central Asia
Addresses the process and policy reforms these countries face and how the reforms may impact agricultural development in a region that has experienced varying degrees of economic growth over the fifteen years since independence. It offers expert policy research and analysis and provides research-based information for generating policy recommendations that are relevant to each country as well as similar evidence from other transitional economies, including China, Vietnam, and selected Eastern European countries.
