الصفحة 1
الصفحة 1
Transparent Conductive Zinc Oxide : Basics and Applications in Thin Film Solar Cells
Zinc oxide (ZnO) belongs to the class of transparent conducting oxides which can be used as transparent electrodes in electronic devices or heated windows. In this book the material properties of, the deposition technologies for, and applications of zinc oxide in thin film solar cells are described in a comprehensive manner. Structural, morphological, optical and electronic properties of ZnO are treated in this review. The editors and authors of this book are specialists in deposition, analysis and fabrication of thin-film solar cells and especially of ZnO. This book is intended as an overview and a data collection for students, engineers and scientist.
Tooth whitening : An evidence-based perspective
Reviews the evidence relating to the mechanisms, clinical efficacy, safety/toxicity, and clinical application of tooth whitening techniques and materials. All clinical techniques are profusely illustrated step by step.
Thin films and heterostructures for oxide electronics
"this book intends to serve as a significant and insightful source of valuable information pertaining to the ongoing scientific debates, current state of understanding and future directions. As such, it should be very useful to university students, post docs, professors and research scientists in industries and national laboratories." With the ever-shrinking dimensions and ever-increasing speeds of conventional semiconductor-based micro and opto-electronic devices, scientific limitations are beginning to be felt by the technology sector in keeping pace with the newer device demands of the modern times. Novel approaches involving new materials such as functional oxides are being explored to tackle this problem. This research is already beginning to pave way for the next generation device concepts and configurations for advanced oxide electronics, encompassing magneto-optics and spintronics. Thin Film Heterostructures for Oxide Electronic presents comprehensive chapters written by active researchers in the field of oxide films and heterostructures. These chapters capture the excitement of this emerging frontier of immense scientific and technological interest. They highlight the materials, physics, device and even key fabrication issues. Many interesting material systems such as magnetic, ferroelectric and superconducting oxides, wide band-gap semiconducting oxides and high- dielectric oxides are discussed.
Theory of Copper Oxide Superconductors
This is an advanced textbook for graduate students and researchers wishing to learn about high temperature superconductivity in copper oxides, in particular the Kamimura-Suwa (K-S) model. Because a number of models have been proposed since the discovery of high temperature superconductivity by Bednorz and Müller in 1986, the book first explains briefly the historical development that led to the K-S model. It then focuses on the physical background necessary to understand the K-S model and on the basic principles behind various physical phenomena such as electronic structures, electrical, thermal and optical properties, and the mechanism of high temperature superconductivity.
The Inorganic Radiochemistry of Heavy Elements : Methods for Studying Gaseous Compounds
The aim of this book is to facilitate the wider use of advantageous gas phase techniques towards heavy elements. Studies of the transactinoid elements (polyvalent metals) stimulated application of their volatile halides, oxides, and oxyhalides to fast radiochemical separations. Selected results are presented here. Primarily, this book features the physico-chemical basis of experimental methods and techniques. It focuses on evaluation of the desorption energy from data of a single gas-solid chromatography experiment through calculation of desorption entropy. Heterogeneity of the column surface and its chemical modification are taken into account.
Surface and Interfacial Organometallic Chemistry and Catalysis
Heterogeneous catalysis has been essential to the development of efficient chemical processes for more than a century, and this field has been traditionally part of the solid state chemistry and surface science communities. The design of better catalysts has raised the following questions: "what is the structure of the active sites?" and "how to control their nature?" The necessary need to develop more sustainable chemical processes and the success of homogeneous catalysis relying on molecular organometallic chemistry has led the community of molecular chemists to investigate the preparation of single-site heterogeneous catalysts. The authors discuss the molecular design, the preparation, the characterisation and the catalytic applications of well-defined oxides and metal particles. The readers will acquire a molecular understanding of heterogeneous catalysis, which will help them develop a critical view and which will attract them to study this fascinating field.
Spectroscopy of emerging materials ; Proceedings of the NATO ARW on frontiers in spectroscopy of emergent materials : Recent advances toward new technologies, Sudak, Crimea, Ukraine, from 14 to 18 September 2003.
A comprehensive discussion of the key role of modern spectroscopic investigations in interdisciplinary materials science and engineering, covering emerging materials that are either absolutely novel or well-known materials with recently discovered, exciting properties. The types of spectroscopy discussed include optical, electronic and magnetic, UV-visible absorption, Rayleigh scattering, photoluminescence, vibrational, magnetic resonance, electron energy loss, EXAFS, XANES, optical tomography, time-resolved spectroscopy, and point contact spectroscopy. The materials studied are highly topical, with a focus on carbon and silicon nanomaterials including nanotubes, fullerenes, nanoclusters, metallic superconducting phases, molecular materials, magnetic and charge-stripe oxides, and biomaterials. Theoretical treatments are presented of molecular vibrational dynamics, vibration-induced decay of electronic excited states, nanoscale spin-orbit coupling in 2D Si-based structures, and the growth of semiconductor clusters.
Shaped Crystals : Growth by Micro-Pulling-Down Technique
This volume presents an overview of the growth of shaped crystals (oxides, fluorides, etc.) by the micro-pulling-down technique. Both melt and solution (flux) growth are considered. The advantages and disadvantages of the method are discussed in detail and compared with related crystal-growth processes. The authors attempt to give a practical introduction to this technique, thereby also explaining how its application can help to solve problems commonly encountered in other melt-growth methods. Currently the micro-pulling-down technique is applicable to the growth of crystals up to 1 m long with cross-section ranging from 0.05 to 10 mm.
Rare Earth Oxide Thin Films : Growth, Characterization, and Applications
In the book the state-of-the-art of thin film deposition techniques as well as the structural, physical, chemical, and electrical properties of thin RE oxide films and of their interface with semiconducting substrates are discussed.
Polarons in Advanced Materials
Polarons in Advanced Materials will lead the reader from single-polaron problems to multi-polaron systems and finally to a description of many interesting phenomena in high-temperature superconductors, ferromagnetic oxides, conducting polymers and molecular nanowires.
Physics of Ferroelectrics : A Modern Perspective
During the past two decades, revolutionary breakthroughs have occurred in the understanding of ferroelectric materials, both from the perspective of theory and experiment. This book addresses the paradigmatic shifts in understanding brought about by these breakthroughs.
Organic Chemistry ; 9th ed.
Structure and Bonding / Polar Covalent Bonds; Acids and Bases / Organic Compounds: Alkanes and Their Stereochemistry / Organic Compounds: Cycloalkanes and Their Stereochemistry / Stereochemistry at Tetrahedral Centers / An Overview of Organic Reactions / Alkenes: Structure and Reactivity / Alkenes: Reactions and Synthesis / Alkynes: An Introduction to Organic Synthesis / Organohalides / Reactions of Alkyl Halides: Nucleophilic Substitutions and Eliminations / Structure Determination: Mass Spectrometry and Infrared Spectroscopy / Structure Determination: Nuclear Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy / Conjugated Compounds and Ultraviolet Spectroscopy / Benzene and Aromaticity / Chemistry of Benzene: Electrophilic Aromatic Substitution / Alcohols and Phenols / Ethers and Epoxides; Thiols and Sulfides / Aldehydes and Ketones: Nucleophilic Addition Reactions / Carboxylic Acids and Nitriles / Carboxylic Acid Derivatives: Nucleophilic Acyl Substitution Reactions / Carbonyl Alpha-Substitution Reactions / Carbonyl Condensation Reactions / Amines and Heterocycles / Biomolecules: Carbohydrates / Biomolecules: Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins / Biomolecules: Lipids / Biomolecules: Nucleic Acids / The Organic Chemistry of Metabolic PathwaysOrbitals and Organic Chemistry: Pericyclic Reactions Synthetic / Polymers
Multiscale Biomechanics and Tribology of Inorganic and Organic Systems : In memory of Professor Sergey Psakhie
This book gathers authoritative contributions concerning multiscale problems in biomechanics, geomechanics, materials science and tribology. It is written in memory of Sergey Grigorievich Psakhie to feature various aspects of his multifaceted research interests, ranging from theoretical physics, computer modeling of materials and material characterization at the atomic scale, to applications in space industry, medicine and geotectonics, and including organizational, psychological and philosophical aspects of scientific research and teaching as well
Metal Oxide Nanoparticles : Formation, Functional Properties, and Interfaces ; 2 Volume Set
Metal oxide nanoparticles are integral to a wide range of natural and technological processes—from mineral transformation to electronics. Additionally, the fields of engineering, electronics, energy technology, and electronics all utilize metal oxide nanoparticle powders. Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: Formation, Functional Properties, and Interfaces presents readers with the most relevant synthesis and formulation approaches for using metal oxide nanoparticles as functional materials. It covers common processing routes and the assessment of physical and chemical particle properties through comprehensive and complementary characterization methods.
Innovative Superhard Materials and Sustainable Coatings for Advanced Manufacturing ; Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Innovative Superhard Materials and Sustainable Coating, Kiev, Ukraine,12 - 15 May 2004.
Modern industry imposes ever increasing requirements upon tools and tool materials as to the provision for performance under the conditions of high cutting speeds and dynamic loads as well as under intensive thermal and chemical interactions with workpiece materials. The industry demands a higher productivity in combination with the accuracy of geometry and dimensions of workpieces and quality of working surfaces of the machined pieces. These requirements are best met by the tool superhard materials (diamond and diamond-like cubic boron nitride). Ceramics based on silicon carbide, aluminum and boron oxides as well as on titanium, silicon and aluminum nitrides offer promise as tool materials. Tungsten-containing cemented carbides are still considered as suitable tool materials. Hi- hardness and high strength composites based on the above materials fit all the requirements imposed by machining jobs when manufacturing elements of machinery, in particular those operating under the extreme conditions of high temperatures and loads.
High Tc superconductors and related transition metal oxides : Special Contributions in Honor of K. Alex Müller on the Occasion of his 80th Birthday
This book containing 30 articles the contributions reflect the major research areas of K. Alex Müller which he activated in high temperature superconductivity and phase transitions. They are theoretical as well as experimental ones and focus mainly on high temperature superconductivity. A smaller part deals with ferroelectricity and their applications.
Ferro- and Antiferroelectricity : Order/Disorder versus Displacive
Solid-state systems are frequently classi?ed according to their physical, str- tural or chemical properties. Such schemes are extremely helpful since pr- erties related to any such classi?cation are typically known and facilitate id- tifying solids with special material classes. The best-known examples of these schemes are conductivity or resistivity measurements by means of which m- als are easily distinguishable from insulators. However, frequently clear-cut decisions between material classes are not possible, since anisotropy, chemical composition, binding forces and local effects wash out distinct properties and lead to competition or coexistence. Such unresolved situations are especially typical for transition metal oxides that exhibit a variety of ground-state properties in a fascinating way.
Detection and Disposal of Improvised Explosives
It including: Methods of detection of Improvised Explosives (IE). Methods of detection of Improvised explosives devices (IED). Disposal and safe handling of ID and IED. The treatment of detection methods may be divided in the following groups: Overview about the different methods; Trace- and vapor detection; Electromagnetic methods; Neutron methods; Laser techniques. Because of different definitions of Improvised Explosives the parti- pants of the workshop agreed after some discussions with the following definition: An Improvised Explosive (IE) can be any chemical compound or mixture capable of an explosive reaction. They are normally easily prepared by a knowledgeable layman under simple conditions. Components of IE are typically inorganic salts containing molecular bound oxygen like nitrates, chlorates or perchlorates etc. or organic compounds with nitro-, nitami- or nitrate-groups or peroxides. Admixtures of military or commercial explosive materials are also used. From the chemical point of view IE can be divided into the following types: Salts containing chemical groups with oxygen (like nitrates, chlorates or perchlorates etc.) in mixtures with combustible substances like carbon-hydrogen compounds.
Computational Quantum Mechanics for Materials Engineers : The EMTO Method and Applications
Computational Quantum Mechanics for Materials Engineers describes new approaches to the modelling of disordered alloys that combine the most efficient quantum-level theories of random alloys with the most sophisticated numerical techniques to establish a theoretical insight into the electronic structure of complex materials such as stainless steels, Hume-Rothery alloys and silicates. The practical success of these approaches to applications in all of these areas are covered in detail. The new EMTO-CPA method is detailed, including its application in alloys to model structural stability and elastic properties of random alloys of arbitrary composition and the effect of alloying elements on elastic stiffnesses stacking fault energies and structural parameters. The EMTO-CPA method makes new approaches to computational alloy design feasible. Computational Quantum Mechanics for Materials Engineers shows how the technique will soon allow materials engineers to become "quantum blacksmiths
Combustion : Physical and Chemical Fundamentals, Modeling and Simulation, Experiments, Pollutant Formation
The actual fourth edition presents a completely restructured book: Mathematical Formulae and derivations as well as the space-consuming reaction mechanisms have been replaced from the text to appendix. A new chapter discusses the impact of combustion processes on the earth’s atmosphere, the chapter on auto-ignition is extended to combustion in Otto- and Diesel-engines, and the chapters on heterogeneous combustion and on soot formation appear heavily revised.
