الصفحة 1
الصفحة 1
Oncogenes Meet Metabolism : From Deregulated Genes to a Broader Understanding of Tumour Physiology
In 1920s, Otto Warburg described the phenomenon of ‘aerobic glycolysis’, the ability of tumour cells to convert glucose to lactate in the presence of normal oxygen conditions. Warburg’s hypothesis of an altered metabolism in cancer cells found no immediate acceptance, though it was latter confirmed for most human tumours. With the advent of molecular biology the focus in tumour research has shifted towards the search for oncogenes. However, the interest in cancer molecular profiling eventually led to a renaissance of the Warburg effect trying to combine genetic alterations with effects on metabolism with the help of modern analytic technologies to rapidly analyze broad varieties of metabolites in various tissues and bodyfluids (metabonomics).
Nutrition, chemistry, and health effects of sugar, salt, and milkfat
Covers sugar, salt and milk fat from a chemical perspective, and presents an overview of the role of these ingredients in our food, focusing on their flavors, satiety-inducing properties, nutritional impact, and health effects. The book begins with a chapter devoted to the chemical composition of these taste enhancers and satiety-inducing components, followed by a chapter that sheds light on the persuasive tactics employed by the food industry and their impact on consumer behavior, ultimately discussing the complex relationship between marketing strategies and public health. In Chapter 3, the author presents case studies and explores the nutritional requirements of these ingredients, while considering their physiological effects ad potential implications for human health. In Chapter 4, the author evaluates current consumption patterns and their implications, analyzing trends, policies, and opportunities to shape healthier dietary choices.
New Vision of Metformin in treating cancer
The anti-diabetic drug metformin is rapidly emerging as a potential anticancer agent. Metformin is a biguanide that is effective in treating type 2 diabetes and the insulin resistance syndromes, improves insulin resistance by reducing hepatic gluconeogensis and by enhancing glucose uptake by skeletal muscle. Metformin can reduce the incidence of cancers and can reduce the mortality from cancers, increase the response to treatment cancer cells when using radiotherapy and chemotherapy, reduce the likelihood of relapse. Diabetes can be a factor in the occurrence of various types of cancer, and develop a variety of cancers such as colo-rectal, pancreas and liver cancers, compared to non-diabetic patients. Incidence of various cancers is high among patients of T2DM due to insulin resistance and mitogenic effects caused by hyperglycemia.
Modern treatments for chronic blood diseases
Blood is a body fluid in humans and other animals that delivers necessary substances such as nutrients and oxygen to the cells and transports metabolic waste products away from those same cells. In vertebrates, it is composed of blood cells suspended in blood plasma. Plasma, which constitutes 55% of blood fluid, is mostly water (92% by volume), and contains proteins, glucose, mineral ions, hormones, carbon dioxide (plasma being the main medium for excretory product transportation), and blood cells themselves. Albumin is the main protein in plasma, and it functions to regulate the colloida osmotic pressure of blood. The blood cells are mainly red blood cells (also called RBCs or erythrocytes), white blood cells (also called WBCs or leukocytes) and platelets (also called thrombocytes). Thalassemias are inherited blood disorders characterized by decreased hemoglobin production Symptoms depend on the type and can vary from none to severe. Often there is mild to severe anemia (low red blood cells or hemoglobin). Anemia can result in feeling tired and pale skin. There may also be bone problems, an enlarged spleen, yellowish skin, and dark urine. Slow growth may occur in children.
Mechanisms of Insulin Action
More than 18 million people in the United States have diabetes mellitus, and about 90% of these have the type 2 form of the disease. In addition, between 17 and 40 million people have insulin resistance, impaired glucose tolerance, or the cluster of abnormalities referred to variably as the metabolic syndrome, the dysmetabolic syndrome, syndrome X, or the insulin resistance syndrome. In all of these disorders, a central component of the pathophysiology is insulin resistance, i.e., reduced responsiveness to insulin in tissues such as muscle, fat and liver. Insulin resistance is also closely linked to other common health problems, including obesity, polycystic ovarian disease, hyperlipidemia, hypertension, and atherosclerosis. In this book, we will attempt to dissect the complexity of the molecular mechanisms of insulin action with a special emphasis on those features of the system that are subject to alteration in type 2 diabetes and other insulin resistant states. We explore insulin action at the most basic levels, through complex systems. The book will be appealing to basic and clinical scientists.
Insulin resistance
Insulin is a peptide hormone secreted by the B cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans and maintains normal blood glucose levels by facilitating cellular glucose uptake, regulating carbohydrate, lipid and protein metabolism and promoting cell division and growth through its mutagenic effects.
Glucoszmine and Chondroitin between reality and tllusion
Despite the development of cancer treatments and the introduction of new treatments other than traditional treatments, the death rate is still high around the world for each type of cancer. Although conventional treatments are still common, as a first method in treatment, advanced new treatments have opened new horizon and have shown good efficacy in inhibiting cancer, either by treating them alone or in combination with conventional treatments, such as chemotherapy and radiation therapy. We mention in this research the latest methods of cancer treatment, such as targeted therapies in the treatment of solid cancers and leukemia. and will also mention the annual incidence rates of lines around the world. In cooperation with the head of the hematology division at the Mouwasat Hospital, Dr. Amin Suleiman, we studied cases of CML and MM patients being treated with modern therapies.
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency
Glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase deficiency, the most common enzyme deficiency worldwide, causes a spectrum of disease including neonatal hyperbilirubinemia, acute hemolysis, and chronic hemolysis. Persons with this condition also may be asymptomatic. This X-linked inherited disorder most commonly affects persons of African, Asian, Mediterranean, or MiddleEastern descent. Because acute hemolysis is caused by exposure to an oxidative stressor in the form of an infection, oxidative drug, or fava beans, treatment is geared toward avoidance of these and other stressors.
Glucose Sensing
This volume incorporates authoritative analytical fluorescence-based glucose sensing reviews specialized enough to be attractive to professional researchers, yet also appealing to the wider audience of scientists in related disciplines of fluorescence. Glucose Sensing is an essential reference for any lab working in the analytical fluorescence glucose sensing field. All academics, bench scientists, and industry professionals wishing to take advantage of the latest and greatest in the continuously emerging field of glucose sensing, and diabetes care & management, will find this volume an invaluable resource.
Galactose Regulon of Yeast : From Genetics to Systems Biology
The galactose regulon of yeast is one of the best studied regulons. It is an ideal paradigm for demonstrating fundamental and evolving concepts in biology and is used in this book as a model system to explain various facets of conventional and modern biology. The book starts with a brief historical overview on yeast research, i.e. early observations in enzyme adaptation, classical genetics, formulating hypotheses based on genetic inference. This is followed by molecular genetics of the galactose regulon, isolation of genes and testing of the hypotheses. The power of mutational analysis in deciphering molecular mechanisms is conveyed. Further, contemporary topics such as genomics, evolution, single cell analysis of transcriptional switching, binary and graded responses, biological consequences of feed back regulation in genetic circuits, and stochasticity are addressed.
Fluid volume monitoring with glucose dilution
Decision making regarding fluid volume loading, fluid restriction, or administration of vasoactive drugs may vary among physicians, depending solely upon their clinical experience in the absence of evidence-based measurement. The initial distribution volume of glucose (IDVG) is believed to be clinically relevant as a marker of cardiovascular and fluid management in critically ill patients without a significant modification of glucose metabolism. This book covers all aspects of IDVG measurement, including the basic concept, its relationship with other fluid volumes, and the clinical application of this technique in the intensive care unit based on both the authors’ studies and their clinical experience with more than 4000 IDVG determinations. When the concept of IDVG is properly understood and its measurement is then performed routinely, daily fluid and cardiovascular management in critically ill patients can be improved based on evidence-based measurement.
Facilitative glucose transporters in articular chondrocytes : Expression, distribution and functional regulation of GLUT isoforms by hypoxia, hypoxia mimetics, growth factors and pro-inflammatory Cytokines
In this multidisciplinary article we review the molecular and morphological aspects of GLUT expression and function in chondrocytes and their mesenchymal and embryonic stem cell precursors and propose key roles for these proteins in glucose sensing and metabolic regulation in cartilage.
Drug repurposing : A new fashion for a new hope
The repurposing of drugs is becoming increasingly attractive as it avoids the long process and cost implications associated with bringing a novel drug to market i.e., drug repurposing is cost effective and time saving. This study will discuss the repositioning of several drugs that belong to different pharmaceutical classifications such as antimicrobials (itraconazole and fluoroquinolones), anti-diabetic agents (metformin and sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors), cardiovascular drugs (β-blockers and digoxin), anticonvulsants (topiramate), immunosuppressants (sirolimus), non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs e.g., COX inhibitors), and cholesterol lowering drugs (statins).
Diabetes mellitus and bacterial and fungal urinary tract infection
Diabetes mellitus is a heterogeneous group of disorders characterized by variable degrees of insulin resistance, impaired insulin secretion, and increased glucose production. Patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus are at increased risk of infections, with the urinary tract being the most frequent infection site. Various impairments in the immune system, in addition to poor metabolic control of diabetes, and incomplete bladder emptying due to autonomic neuropathy, may all contribute in the pathogenesis of urinary tract infections (UTI) in diabetic patients. Factors that were found to enhance the risk for UTI in diabetics include age, metabolic control, and long-term complications, primarily diabetic nephropathy and cystopathy. The spectrum of UTI in these patients ranges from asymptomatic bacteriuria (ASB) to lower UTI (cystitis), pyelonephritis, and severe urosepsis.
Diabetes meal planning nutrition For dummies
Offers you a holistic approach to living your best life with diabetes. Optimize your diet and plan delicious meals that will empower you to take control, improve your health, prevent, and even reverse diabetes. Written by an award-winning chef and renowned doctor who are both experts in the field of nutrition, this book helps you understand what defines healthful eating for diabetes, its crucial role to long term health, and how meal planning is a key to successful diabetes management. Learn how to receive all the nutrients necessary for glucose control while managing Type 1 or Type 2 diabetes and maintaining ideal weight. Discover how to supercharge your diet and protect yourself from the complications associated with diabetes with anti-inflammatory and antioxidant-rich foods.
Closed-Loop Control of Blood Glucose
Introduces the ?eld of closed-loop blood g- cose control, in a simple manner, to the reader. This includes the hardware and software components that make up the control system (see Chapter 2). The hardware components involved the di?erent types of glucose sensor (- vasive, minimally-invasive and non-invasive) and the di?erent types of insulin.
Managing diabetic wounds : Strategies for effective treatment
Delves into diabetes itself, covering its definition, various types (Type 1, Type 2, and gestational diabetes), and diagnostic laboratory findings such as blood glucose levels and HbA1c. The concept of diabetic foot is thoroughly explored, including its definition, primary causes such as neuropathy, ischemia, and infection, and crucial aspects of prevention, caution, and risk factors like poor glycemic control and smoking.
Liver
Liver is the second largest organ in human body, more than 5,000 separate bodily functions including helping blood to clot, cleansing the blood of toxins to converting food into nutrients to control hormone levels, fighting infections and illness, regenerating back after injury and metabolizing cholesterol, glucose, iron and controlling their levels. Most people never give their liver a thought until something goes wrong, yet, liver diseases on rise, affecting one in ten. Liver diseases can be inherited or caused by a variety of factors that damage the liver.
Lifestyle modifications : The best treatment for prediabetes
Demonstrate the physiological effects of lifestyle modification on prediabetes. Prediabetes is a condition in which individuals have blood glucose levels higher than normal but not high enough to be classified as diabetes. Prediabetes is now recognized as a reversible condition that increases an individual’s risk for development of diabetes. Lifestyle risk factors for prediabetes include overweight and physical inactivity.
Biodiversity and Ecophysiology of Yeasts
In the last few decades more and more yeast habitats that were not investigated earlier, spanning cold climates to tropical regions and dry deserts to rainforests, have been explored. As a result, a large body of ecological data has been accumulated and the number of known yeast species has increased rapidly. This book provides an overview of the biodiversity of yeasts in different habitats. The recent advances achieved by the application of molecular biological methods in the field of yeast taxonomy and ecology are also incorporated in the book. Wherever possible, the interaction between yeasts and the surrounding environment is discussed.
