الصفحة 8
الصفحة 8
Frontiers of multifunctional integrated nanosystems ; Proceedings of the NATO ARW on Frontiers of molecular-scale science and technology of nanocarbon, nanosilicon and biopolymer integrated nanosystems,Ilmenau, Germany from 12 to 16 July 2003
Presents exciting new developments of the early 21st century. Significant progress has been made in nanotechnology of building blocks for integrated nanosystems, single and assembled molecules, nanoparticles characterisation, and multifunctional applications of nanosystems. The realisation and the application of novel multifunctional nanosystems in electronics, optics, biomedicine (nano-bioelectronic devices based on DNA and proteins, silicon nanocrystal memory devices, monolithically integrated silicon photonics, nanocapsules, biosensor nanosystems) are described by well known experts. This multi-disciplinary, scientific display of cutting-edge research across the entire spectrum of nanoscience and nanotechnology of inorganic, and organic systems, as well as systems for electronics photonics, and spintronics demonstrates that researching nanocarbon, nanosilicon, biomolecular integrated nanosystems, and developing their new applications, is a complex and exiting topic that will continue to attract scientists and engineers for many years to come.
Frontiers of Ferroelectricity : A Special Issue of the Journal of Materials Science
The book presents theory, fundamentals and applications of ferroelectricity. It describes the current levels of understanding of various aspects of the subject as presented by authorities in the field. Reviews and research reports cover the spectrum of ferroelectricity. Topics include relaxors, piezoelectrics, microscale and nanoscale studies, polymers and composites, unusual properties, and techniques and devices. The information in this book is intended for physicists, engineers and materials scientists working with ferroelectric materials including ceramics, single crystals, polymers, composites and even some biological materials.
Frontiers in Quantum Systems in Chemistry and Physics
The basic theory of matter on the nanoscale is quantum mechanics and the application of quantum mechanics to the study of the many-body problem in molecules and materials is a rapidly developing field of research. Frontiers in Quantum Systems in Chemistry and Physics defines the leading edge; hence it describes the new theoretical developments available to a wider audience and presents theories which provide, for example, new insights into the structure of increasing complex molecular systems or molecules in a variety of environments. New computational techniques and practices are accessed, exploiting the wide range of equipment available to the researcher from “leadership” class supercomputers to distributed workstations and the internet.
From microphysics to macrophysics : Methods and applications of statistical physics ; Vol.2
Volume 2 applies statistical methods to systems governed by quantum effects, in particular to solid state physics, explaining properties due to the crystal structure or to the lattice excitations or to the electrons. Liquid helium is discussed and radiative equilibrium and transport are studied. The last chapters are devoted to non-equilibrium processes and to kinetic equations, with many applications included.
Fracture Mechanics of Ceramics ; Active Materials, Nanoscale Materials, Composites, Glass, and Fundamentals
The 8th International Symposium on fracture mechanics of ceramics was held in on the campus of the University of Houston, Houston, TX, USA, on February 25-28, 2003. With the natural maturing of the fields of structural ceramics, this symposium focused on nano-scale materials, composites, thin films and coatings as well as glass. The symposium also addressed new issues on fundamentals of fracture mechanics and contact mechanics, and a session on reliability and standardization.
Foundations of Hyperbolic Manifolds
The book is divided into three parts. The first part is concerned with hyperbolic geometry and discrete groups. The main results are the characterization of hyperbolic reflection groups and Euclidean crystallographic groups. The second part is devoted to the theory of hyperbolic manifolds. The main results are Mostow’s rigidity theorem and the determination of the global geometry of hyperbolic manifolds of finite volume. The third part integrates the first two parts in a development of the theory of hyperbolic orbifolds. The main result is Poincare«s fundamental polyhedron theorem.
Forces, Growth and Form in Soft Condensed Matter : At the Interface between Physics and Biology
This volume comprises the proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute held at Geilo, Norway, 24 March - 3 April 2003, the seventeenth ASI in a series held every two years since 1971. The objective of this ASI was to identify and discuss areas where synergism between modern physics, soft condensed matter and biology might be most fruitful. The main pedagogical approach was to have lecturers focussing on basic understanding of important aspects of the relative role of the various interaction- electrostatic, hydrophobic, steric, conformational, van der Waals etc. Soft condensed matter and the connection between physics and biology have been the themes of several earlier Geilo Schools. A return to these subjects thus allowed a fresh look and a possibility for defining new directions for research. Examples of soft materials, which were discussed at this ASI, included colloidal dispersions, gels, biopolymers and charged polymer solutions, polyelectrolytes, protein/membrane complexes, nucleic acids and their complexes. Indeed, most forms of condensed matter are soft and these substances are composed of aggregates and macromolecules, with interactions that are too weak and complex to form crystals spontaneously. A characteristic feature is that small external forces, slight perturbations in temperature, pressure or concentration, can all be enough to induce significant structural changes. Thermal fluctuations are almost by definition strong in soft materials and entropy is a predominant determinant of structure, so that disorder, slow dynamics and plastic deformation are the rule. Hence the phrase ‘soft condensed matter’ has been coined.
Ferroelectric Thin Films : Basic Properties and Device Physics for Memory Applications
Ferroelectric thin films continue to attract much attention due to their developing, diverse applications in memory devices, FeRAM, infrared sensors, piezoelectric sensors and actuators. This book, aimed at students, researchers and developers, gives detailed information about the basic properties of these materials and the associated device physics. All authors are acknowledged experts in the field.
Evolving methods for macromolecular crystallography : The structural path to the understanding of the mechanism of action of CBRN agents
This volume comprises papers presented at the 2005 edition of the “Crystallography of Molecular Biology” courses that have been held since 1976 at the Ettore Majorana Centre for Scientific Culture in Erice, Italy. The papers span the breadth of material presented in the course, which emphasized the practical aspects of modern macromolecular crystallography and its applications.
Equilibrium statistical physics : Phases of matter and phase transitions
This is a textbook which gradually introduces the student to the statistical mechanical study of the different phases of matter and to the phase transitions between them. Throughout, only simple models of both ordinary and soft matter are used but these are studied in full detail. The subject is developed in a pedagogical manner, starting from the basics, going from the simple ideal systems to the interacting systems, and ending with the more modern topics. The latter include the renormalisation group approach to critical phenomena, the density functional theory of interfaces, the topological defects of nematic liquid crystals and the kinematic aspects of the phase transformation process. This textbook provides the student with a complete overview, intentionally at an introductory level, of the theory of phase transitions. References include suggestions for more detailed treatments and four appendices supply overviews of the mathematical tools employed in the text.
Engineering of Crystalline Materials Properties ; State of the Art in Modeling, Design and Applications
This volume collects the lecture notes delivered by the main speakers at the Erice 2007 International School of Crystallography, generously selected by NATO as an Advanced Study Institute (# 982582). The aim of the school was to discuss the state-of-the-art in molecular materials design, that is, the rational analysis and fabrication of crystalline solids showing a predefined structural organization of their component molecules and ions, which results in the manifestation of a specific collective property of technological interest.
Elementary physics of complex plasmas
Complex plasmas are dusty plasmas in which the density and electric charges of the dust grains are sufficiently high to induce long-range grain-grain interactions, as well as strong absorption of charged-plasma components. Together with the sources replenishing the plasma such systems form a highly dissipative thermodynamically open system that exhibits many features of collective behaviour generally found in complex systems. Most notably among them are self-organized patterns such as plasma crystals, plasma clusters, dust stars and further spectacular new structures. Beyond their intrinsic scientific interest, the study of complex plasmas grows in importance in a great variety of fields, ranging from space-plasma sciences to applied fields such as plasma processing, thin-film deposition and even the production of computer chips by plasma etching, in which strongly interacting clouds of complex plasmas can cause major contamination of the final product.
Electronic States in Crystals of Finite Size : Quantum confinement of Bloch waves
The theory of electronic states in the traditionally solid state physics is essentially a theory of electronic states in crystals of infinite size. However, any real crystal always has a finite size. This book presents an analytical theory on the electronic states in ideal low-dimensional systems and finite crystals recently developed by the author based on a differential equation theory approach. It gives some exact and general fundamental understandings on the electronic states in ideal low-dimensional systems and finite crystals and provides new insights on some fundamental problems in low-dimensional systems such as the surface states, quantum confinement effects etc, some of them are quite different from what are traditionally believed in the solid state physics community.
Electron Tomography : Methods for Three-Dimensional Visualization of Structures in the Cell
Electron tomography has become a standard technique with applications in cell biology, structural biology, and materials science. This definitive work provides a comprehensive treatment of the mathematical background and working methods of three-dimensional reconstruction from tilt series, with special emphasis on the problems presented by limitations of data collection in the transmission electron microscope. In addition to chapters that are applicable to 3D reconstruction in all fields of science, such as radiological imaging in medicine and electron tomography in materials science, Electron Tomography also focuses on specimen preparation and imaging unique to biological electron microscopy.
Electron crystallography : Novel approaches for structure determination of nanosized materials
During the last decade we have been witness to several exciting achievements in electron crystallography. This includes structural and charge density studies on organic molecules complicated inorganic and metallic materials in the amorphous, nano-, meso- and quasi-crystalline state and also development of new software, tailor-made for the special needs of electron crystallography. This volume comprises the proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Electron Crystallography: Novel Approaches for Structure Determination of Nanosized Materials, Erice, Italy, 10 - 24 June 2004
Disordered Materials : An Introduction
This self-contained text introduces the physics of structurally disordered condensed systems at the level of advanced undergraduate and graduate students. Among the topics are the geometry and symmetries of the structural units used as building blocks of extended structures, the various kinds of disorder, the phenomenology and the main theories of the glass transition, the structure of amorphous systems and the techniques to investigate it, the evolution of system's structure with its size (clusters) and the presence of orientational order in the absence of translational order (quasicrystals). In the second edition, the treatment of the mode coupling theory of the glass transition has been enlarged and connects now to a new section on collective excitations in disordered systems. Special attention has been devoted to nanometer-sized disordered systems, with emphasis on cluster-assembled materials. Questions of what governs the occurrence and stability of quasicrystals, the features of the amorphous to quasicrystal transformation and its reverse transition are discussed. The conditions leading to nano-quasicrystalline phases of technological interest are examined. Throughout the text relevant recent experimental and theoretical results are discussed so as to give readers insight into the currently most vibrant research topics.
Diffusion in solids : Fundamentals, methods, materials, diffusion-controlled processes
This book first gives an account of the central aspects of diffusion in solids, for which the necessary background is a course in solid state physics. It then provides easy access to important information about diffuson in metals, alloys, semiconductors, ion-conducting materials, glasses and nanomaterials.
Diffusion in Condensed Matter : Methods, Materials, Models
Diffusion as the process of particle transport due to stochastic movement is a phenomenon of crucial relevance for a large variety of processes and materials. This comprehensive, handbook-style survey of diffusion in condensed matter gives detailed insight into diffusion as the process of particle transport due to stochastic movement. Leading experts in the field describe in 23 chapters the different aspects of diffusion, covering microscopic and macroscopic experimental techniques and exemplary results for various classes of solids, liquids and interfaces as well as several theoretical concepts and models. Students and scientists in physics, chemistry, materials science, and biology will benefit from this detailed compilation.
Developing Organogel of CoEnzyme Q10
Coenzyme Q10 is a small lipophilic molecule composed of a benzoquinone ring and a hydrophobic isoprenoid tail and is present in all cell membranes. It is also an antioxidant. It plays a substantial role in energy production by acting as a mobile electron carrier in the electron transport chain. It has poor intestinal absorption and is prepared in topical forms. Organogel is a non-crystalline, non-glassy thermoreversible (thermoplastic) solid material and viscoelastic system can be regarded as a semi-solid preparation which has an immobilized external apolar phase, it is compatible with high molecular weight ingredients. The objective of present work is to prepare new dosage form with studying of different factors and conditions affecting preparation. Materials and methods: stearic acid and Flaxseed oil organogel was prepared by three methods and confirmed by quality assessment methods including: transparency, structure analysis, inverted tube test, kinetic of organogalation and stability test.
Crystallography and the World of Symmetry
Symmetry exists in realms from crystals to patterns, in external shapes of living or non-living objects, as well as in the fundamental particles and the physical laws that govern them. In fact, the search for this symmetry is the driving force for the discovery of many fundamental particles and the formulation of many physical laws. While one can not imagine a world which is absolutely symmetrical nor can one a world which is absolutely asymmetrical. These two aspects of nature are intermingled with each other inseparably. This is the basis of the existence of aperiodicity manifested in the liquid crystals and also quasi-crystals also discussed in Crystallography and the World of Symmetry.
