الصفحة 3
الصفحة 3
Psychoneuroimmunology
Central nervous system (CNS) immune privilege is an experimentally defined phenomenon. Tissues that are rapidly rejected by the immune system when grafted in sites, such as the skin, show prolonged survival when grafted into the CNS. Initially, CNS immune privilege was construed as CNS isolation from the immune system by the blood-brain barrier (BBB), the lack of draining lymphatics, and the apparent non immunocompetence of microglia, the resident CNS macrophage.
Prolotherapy
Prolotherapy techniques and injected solutions vary by condition, clinical severity, and practitioner preferences; a core principle is that a fairly small volume of an irritant solution is injected at targeted sites. Prolotherapy is becoming increasingly popular in the United States and internationally and is actively used in clinical practice for many applications. In this research paper, we shed the light on this technique, elucidating its mechanism of action and safety profile, then we continue in detail with its application in the medical field and finally comparing it to other regenerative therapies.
Programming Languages : An Active Learning Approach
This interactive textbook is intended to be used in and outside of class. Each chapter follows a pattern of presenting a topic followed by a practice exercise or exercises that encourage students to try what they have just read. This textbook is best-suited for students with a 2-3 course introduction to imperative programming.
Profiling the European Citizen : Cross-Disciplinary Perspectives
In the eyes of many, one of the most challenging problems of the information society is that we are faced with an ever expanding mass of information. Selection of the relevant bits of information seems to become more important than the retrieval of data as such: the information is all out there, but what it means and how we should act on it may be one of the big questions of the 21st century. If an information society is a society with an exponential proliferation of data, a knowledge society must be the one that has learned how to cope with this.
Problems of High Altitude Medicine and Biology
The major characteristic pathological findings of pulmonary vascular remodelling are increased wall thickening of pulmonary vessels and mus- larization of small arteries. In laboratory animals, decreased ambient oxygen concentrations cause similar pathological findings, including pulmonary smooth muscle hypertrophy and proliferation [22,23]. It has been suggested that proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) is a key component of pulmonary vascular remodelling, and several in vitro studies have also addressed that exposure to hypoxia can stimulate prolife- tion of PASMC [13,4,1]. The proliferation of the PASMC begins when the cells enter into the cell cycle.
Practical aspects of declarative languages ; Vol. 3819 ; 8th International Symposium, PADL 2006, Charleston, SC, USA, January 9-10, 2006, Proceedings
This volume contains the papers presented at the Eighth International S- posium on Practical Aspects of Declarative Languages (PADL 2006) held on January 9-10, 2006, in Charleston, South Carolina. Information about the c- ference can be found athttp://www.cs.brown.edu/people/pvh/PADL06.html. As is now traditional, PADL 2006 was co-located with the 33rd Annual Sym- sium on Principles of Programming Languages that was held on January 11-13, 2006.
Practical aspects of declarative languages ; 9th International Symposium, PADL 2007, Nice, France, January 14-15, 2007, Proceedings
This book constitutes the refereed proceedings of the 9th International Symposium on Practical Aspects of Declarative Languages, PADL 2007, held in Nice, France, in January 2007, co-located with POPL 2007, the Symposium on Principles of Programming Languages.
Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disorders
This disorder transcends multiple disciplines and demands a team approach to improve knowledge and treatment. The highly experienced internationally recognized authors have updated every section and added many new chapters, including some on genetic abnormalities in virus and host seen in PTLDs. In this successor edition, there is a completely new section on PTLDs after hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. The newest PTLD classifications and current treatment paradigms that reflect recently conducted international trials are fully incorporated. As technologies have advanced, this book provided state-of-the-art new diagnostic and prognostic information.
Polymer Therapeutics II : Polymers as Drugs, Conjugates and Gene Delivery Sytems
Drug delivery systems for cancer therapeutics have revolutionized medicine. De-livery systems have improved the efficacy and reduced the toxicity of current therapiesand resulted in the development of new ones. Today, millions of cancer patients have di-rectly benefited from drug delivery systems, and polymers have been at the frontline ofthese technological advances. Targeted delivery systems of chemotherapeutics to the tu-mour compartment can be achieved systemically, either passively or actively. Polymerconjugation radically changes the pharmacokinetics of the bound drug, and conjugateswith prolonged circulation times target tumours passively via the enhanced permeabil-ity and retention (EPR) effect.
Plant Growth Signaling
Plant growth is of great economical and intellectual interest. Plants are the basis of our living environment, the production of our food and a myriad of plant-based natural products. Plant bio-mass is also becoming an important renewable energy resource. The sequencing of model and agronomically important plant genomes allows complete insight into the molecular components involved in each process. Methods to quantify the molecular changes, image growth processes and reconstruct growth regulatory networks are rapidly developing. This knowledge should help to elucidate key regulators and to design methods to engineer plant architecture and growth parameters for future human needs. This volume gives a comprehensive overview of what is known about plant growth regulation and growth restraints due to environmental conditions and should allow readers at all levels an entry into this exiting field of research.
Pine Wilt Disease : A Worldwide Threat to Forest Ecosystems
The pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of pine wilt disease (PWD), is a serious pest and pathogen of forest tree species, Despite the dedicated and concerted actions of government agencies, this disease continues to spread. Very recently (2006), in Portugal, forestry and phytosanitary authorities (DGRF and DGPC) have announced a new strategy for the control and ultimately the erradication of the nematode, under the coordination of the national program for the control of the pinewood nematode (PROLUNP). Research regarding the bioecology of the nematode and insect as well as new detection methods, e.g., involving real-time PCR, has progressed since 1999. International agreements (GATT, WTO) and sharing of scientific information is of paramount importance to effectively control the nematode and its vector, and thus protect our forest ecosystems and forest economy.
Physics of Societal Issues : Calculations on National Security, Environment, and Energy
This book on the Physics of Societal Issues, The subdivisions of physics - nuclear physics, particle physics, condensed-matter physics, biophysics. Physics of Societal Issues is intended for undergraduate and doctoral students who may work on applied topics, or who simply want to know why things are the way they are.
Pessaries in Clinical Practice
A valuable resource for the health care practitioner treating patients with incontinence and prolapse, Pessaries in Clinical Practice provides a comprehensive review of the evidence con-cerning pessaries and the practicalities of using them.This book provides profiles of the inventors of some of those more commonly used along with a description of their original purposes. The book provides a significant amount of evidence supporting the use of pessaries for pelvic organ prolapse and incontinence. It goes on to discuss the practical issues involved with the selection, fitting and care of the most popu-lar pessaries. The text-enhancing illustrations guide selection, fitting and care and provide useful information to share with patients.
Pelvic Floor Re-education : Principles and Practice
The second edition of Pelvic Floor Re-education provides a comprehensive overview of the subject, along with other aspects of the clinical assessment and management of pelvic floor disorders. Starting with the latest theories on the anatomy, pathophysiology, and possible causes of pelvic floor damage, the importance of pelvic floor evaluation is looked at in order to determine the type of treatment required. Practical techniques of muscle assessment and investigative methodologies are reviewed and up-to-date information on anatomy and physiology is discussed. An algorithmic approach takes the reader through the options for clinical evaluation and treatment. Several re-education techniques are assessed for pelvic floor dysfunction, including isolated muscle exercise, vagina cones, biofeedback control, and electrical stimulation.
Pelvic Floor Dysfunction : A Multidisciplinary Approach
Pelvic Floor Dysfunction: A Multidisciplinary Approach is focused on urinary incontinence and other voiding dysfunctions, fecal incontinence and other distal gastroenterologic problems, genital and rectal prolapse, and other recognized pelvic floor problems. Since the Pelvic Floor encompasses all the organs within the pelvic cavity
Pathologie hypophysaire et grossesse = Pituitary pathology and pregnancy
Pituitary diseases, tumor or non-tumor, are classically responsible for infertility. Thanks to the progress of medical and surgical treatments developed for the treatment of these pituitary diseases, pregnancies are more and more frequent in patients having in particular a secreting pituitary adenoma or an ante-pituitary insufficiency or a central diabetes insipidus. However, the consequences of pituitary disease and treatments for the mother or fetus are still discussed by endocrinologists, gynecologists, obstetricians and pediatricians. The aim of this unique work in French is an update of our knowledge on the subject, and more particularly on the hormonal and radiological diagnosis of a hypersecretion syndrome or a pituitary insufficiency during pregnancy, as well. as for the management of patients with tumor or non-tumor pituitary pathology, wishing or having pregnancy.
Pancreatic Beta Cell in Health and Disease
The beta cells of the pancreatic islets of Langerhans are the only cells in the body that produce and secrete insulin. This metabolic hormone plays a central role in the maintenance of glucose homeostasis, regulating glucose uptake in muscle and adipose tissue as well as carbohydrate, fat, and protein metabolism in these tissues and the liver. This book provides a comprehensive up-to-date review of the beta cell in health and disease. Chapters address the architecture and pathology of normal and diabetic pancreatic islets, regulation of beta-cell proliferation and death, the potential of stem cells and extra-pancreatic tissues as beta-cell replacement therapies, insulin biosynthesis, regulation of insulin secretion including metabolic control, ion channels, gap junctions, cyclic AMP, incretins, and exocytosis, development of novel imaging techniques, and genetic disorders of the beta cell. A primary aim of the book is to encourage students and young basic and clinical investigators to become actively involved in diabetes research and the search for new approaches to prevent and treat diabetes.
Oxidants in Biology : A Question of Balance
Oxidants, like other aspects of life, involves tradeoffs. Oxidants, whether intentionally produced or by-products of normal metabolism can either mediate a variety of critical biological processes but when present inappropriately cause extensive damage to biological molecules (DNA, proteins, and lipids). These effects can lead to either damage that is a major contributor to aging and degenerative diseases (or to other diseases such as cancer, cardiovascular disease, immune-system decline, brain dysfunction, and cataracts) or normal physiological function- tissue repair, defense against pathogens and cellular proliferation. On the other hand the body is equipped with a complex antioxidant/oxidant handling system which includes both enzymatic and nonenzymatic (i.e. small molecules such as flavonoids, ascorbate, tocopherol, and carotenoids) produced endogenously or derived from the diet. This book focuses on how the same molecules can have favorable or noxious effects depending on location, level and timing. Each chapter focuses on one particular molecule or oxidant/antioxidant system and provides a state of the art review of the current understanding regarding both positive and negative actions of the system under review.
Orphan G Protein-Coupled Receptors and Novel Neuropeptides
Over the last decade it has been shown that orphan G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) can be used as targets to discover novel neuropeptides. A dozen neuropeptides have been identified through this approach. Each of these neuropeptides has opened new doors for our understanding of fundamental physiological or behavioral responses. For example the orexins, MCH and ghrelin carry fundamental roles in regulating food intake while neuropeptide S, neuromedin S, the prokineticins and the orexins are major players in modulating sleep and circadian rhythms.The chapters of this book review the latest research in the field, most of them are written by the original discoverers of the respective novel neuropeptide. Emphasis is set not only on their discovery but also on their functional significance. Since many of these neuropeptides are part of drug discovery programs, this book impacts academic as well as pharmaceutical research.
Optimisation appliquée = Optimization applied
Presents the fundamental concepts of classical optimization and linear programming. In addition to a prologue and epilogue, the book includes a section on mathematical theory, covering matrix calculus and systems of linear equations and inequalities. It then deals with classical optimization, both constrained and unconstrained, linear programming, the simplex method, and the revised simplex method. The final chapters are devoted to duality, post-optimization and sensitivity analysis, as well as transportation problems. Emphasis is placed on explaining the methods presented and their applications. Numerous numerical examples drawn from various economic and social situations are provided.
