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Novel Optical Resolution Technologies
After theend ofthe 20th century, the science ofcrystallizationreached a truly exciting stage where new opportunities emerged in both theory and expe- ment. Variousphysical methodsare capable of resolving the surface as wellas the insid estructure of crystalsat the atomiclevel while newhigh-performance computing resourcesafford thecapability of modeling the complexlarge-scale alignments necessary to simulatecrystallizationinrealsystems. Asaresult, the science of crystallization has shifted gradually fromstatic to dynamic science and considerable progress now underlies the complex but beautiful cryst- lization process.The vastpotential ofcrystallizationasan- portant feld ofscience isfar beyondthesimple technologyofpharmaceutical industries during the 20th century.
Nonlinear Optical Crystals : A Complete Survey
Nonlinear optical crystals are widely used in modern optical science and technology for frequency conversion of laser light, i.e. to generate laser radiation at any specific wavelength in visible, UV or IR spectral regions. This unrivalled reference book contains the most complete and up-to-date information on properties of nonlinear optical crystals. It includes: * Database of 63 common and novel nonlinear optical crystals * Periodically-poled and self-frequency-doubling materials * Full description of linear and nonlinear optical properties * Significant amount of crystallophysical, thermophysical, spectroscopic, electro-optic and magneto-optic information * 7 mini-reviews on novel applications, such as deep-UV light generation, terahertz-wave generation, ultrashort laser pulse compression, photonic band-gap crystals, x3 nonlinearity, etc. * More than 1500 different references with full titles It is a vital source of information for scientists and engineers dealing with modern applications of nonlinear optical crystals in quantum electronics, photonics, optoelectronics and laser physics.
Nonlinear Homogenization and its Applications to Composites, Polycrystals and Smart Materials ; Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop, held in Warsaw, Poland, 23-26 June 2003
Although several books and conference proceedings have already appeared dealing with either the mathematical aspects or applications of homogenization theory, there seems to be no comprehensive volume dealing with both aspects. The present volume is meant to fill this gap, at least partially, and deals with recent developments in nonlinear homogenization emphasizing applications of current interest. It contains thirteen key lectures presented at the NATO Advanced Workshop on Nonlinear Homogenization and Its Applications to Composites, Polycrystals and Smart Materials. The list of thirty one contributed papers is also appended.
Nonlinear Fokker-Planck Equations : Fundamentals and Applications
Providing an introduction to the theory of nonlinear Fokker-Planck equations, this book discusses fundamental properties of transient and stationary solutions, emphasizing the stability analysis of stationary solutions by means of self-consistency equations, linear stability analysis, and Lyapunov's direct method. Also treated are Langevin equations and correlation functions. Nonlinear Fokker-Planck Equations addresses various phenomena such as phase transitions, multistability of systems, synchronization, anomalous diffusion, cut-off solutions, travelling-wave solutions and the emergence of power law solutions. A nonlinear Fokker-Planck perspective to quantum statistics, generalized thermodynamics, and linear nonequilibrium thermodynamics is given. Theoretical concepts are illustrated where possible by simple examples. The book also reviews several applications in the fields of condensed matter physics, the physics of porous media and liquid crystals, accelerator physics, neurophysics, social sciences, population dynamics, and computational physics.
Nonlinear Dielectric Phenomena in Complex Liquids
Complex liquids constitute a basic element in modern materials science; their significant features include self-assembly, mesoscale structures, complex dynamics, unusual phases and enormous sensitivity to perturbations. Understanding their nature and properties are a great challenge to modern materials science that demands novel approaches. This book focuses on nonlinear dielectric phenomena, particularly on nonlinear dielectric spectroscopy (NDS), which may be considered a possible successor to broadband dielectric spectroscopy (BDS). NDS phenomena directly coupled to mesoscale heterogeneity fluctuations, so information obtained in this way is basically complementary to BDS tests. The book also discusses the application of NDS in a set of complex liquid systems: glassy liquids, liquid crystals, liquids with critical point phenomena, and bio-relevant liquids. The complementary application of NDS and BDS may allow the discovery of universal patterns for the whole category of complex liquids. Written by specialists in the field of nonlinear dielectric studies, theoreticians and experimentalists, ranging from solid state physics to biophysics, the book is organized so that it can serve as a basic textbook for a non-experienced reader.
Narrow Gap Semiconductors 2007 ; Proceedings of the 13th International Conference, 8-12 July, 2007, Guildford, UK
Narrow gap semiconductors have provided an exciting field of research and show a number of extreme physical and material characteristics. They are the established material systems for infrared detectors and emitters, and with new developments in the technology these materials are emerging as a viable route to high speed, low power electronics. New kinds of narrow gap semiconductor, such as graphene and other composite nanocrystals, are also providing renewed interest in the underlying physics.
Nanocrystals : Synthesis, Properties and Applications
Nanocrystals and Their Mesoscopic Organization is an up-to-date monograph on an important aspect of nanoscience and technology. It opens with an elegant introduction including a brief historical account. Emphasis is then given to diverse synthetic methods, both chemical and physical, in addition to modern hybrid methods. The orientation shifts gradually to properties of nanocrystals that evolve with size; detailed discussions are to be found on mesoscalar assemblies in different dimensions, special cases of core-shell and magic nuclearity nanocrystals. The authors also address applications of nanocrystals, carefully separating out potential applications and those that have already emerged, and cite around 900 references from the literature, most from the last decade. Tables providing information at a glance and schematic diagrams at relevant places, make the monograph appealing to read.
Modern Magnetic Resonance ; Part 1 : Applications in Chemistry, Biological and Marine Sciences ; Part 2 : Applications in Medical and Pharmaceutical Sciences ; Part 3 : Applications in Materials Science and Food Science
Modern Magnetic Resonance provides a unique and comprehensive resource on up-to-date uses and applications of magnetic resonance techniques in the sciences, including chemistry, biology, materials, food, medicine, pharmaceuticals and marine sciences.The widespread appeal of MMR methods for revealing information at the molecular and microscopic levels is noted and examples are provided from the chemical and other sciences.Until now, there has been no single publication that covers all the areas encompassed by "Modern Magnetic Resonance", by bringing together the various techniques and their applications in many scientific areas, the internationally renowned Editors have created a resource of broad appeal to the scientific community.
Modeling of Soft Matter
Soft matter plays a role in a wide variety of important processes and application. For example, gel swelling and dynamics are an essential part of many biological and individual processes, such as motility mechanisms in bacteria and the transport and absorption of drugs. Ferroelectrics, liquid crystals, and elastomers are being used to design ever faster switching devices. Experimental studies, such as scattering, optical and electron microscopy, have provided a great deal of detailed information on structures. But the integration of mathematical modeling and analysis with experimental approaches promises to greatly increase our understanding of structure-property relationships and constitutive equations. The workshop on Modeling of Soft Matter has taken such an integrated approach.
Microscopy of Semiconducting Materials 2007 ; Proceedings of the 15th Conference, 2-5 April 2007, Cambridge, UK
The conference focused upon the most recent advances in the study of the structural and electronic properties of semiconducting materials by the application of transmission and scanning electron microscopy, scanning probe microscopy and X-ray-based methods. Conference sessions concentrated on key topics including state-of-the-art studies in high resolution imaging and analytical electron microscopy, advanced scanning probe microscopy, scanning electron microscopy and focused ion beam applications, novel epitaxial layer phenomena, the properties of quantum nanostructures, III-nitride developments, GeSi/Si for advanced devices, metal-semiconductor contacts and silicides and the important effects of critical device processing treatments.
Interphases and Mesophases in Polymer Crystallization III
In polymer crystallization the challenge is to identify and clarify the transformations by which chain molecules pass from a disordered, molten state to the ordered supra-molecular organization known as the semi-crystalline state. The subject is highly relevant in terms of both basic science and technology; it is indeed clear that many modern applications require complete control of the structure and the morphology of polymers from macroscopic dimensions down to below the nanoscale. As a simple example, making the crystallites in a polymer fiber equally oriented and reducing the number of chain folds (or hairpins) therein, usually turn out to be very favorable requisites for mechanical performance . .This series presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in polymer and biopolymer science including chemistry, physical chemistry, physics and material science. It is adressed to ali scientists at universities and in industry who wish to keep abreast of advances in the topics covered
Interphases and Mesophases in Polymer Crystallization II
Polymer crystallisation is a field of science whose widespread practica! and technological implications add to its scientific relevance. Unlike most molecular substances, synthetic polymers consist oflong, linear chains usually covering a broad distribution of molecular lengths. It is no surprise that only rarely may they give rise to regularly shaped crystals, if at all. As a rule, especially from the bulk state, polymers solidify as very tiny crystals interspersed in an amorphous matrix and randomly interconnected by disordered chains.This series presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in polymer and biopolymer science including chemistry, physical chemistry, physics and material science. It is adressed to ali scientists at universities and in industry who wish to keep abreast of advances in the topics covered
Interphases and Mesophases in Polymer Crystallization I
Polyethylene forms a two-dimensional hexagonal phase, stable at 3 GPa depending on molecular length, which in recent years has been claimed to intervene in crystallization prior to the formation of the usual orthorhombic phase even at atmospheric pressure. This claim is evaluated and shown to be without substance. There is very little evidence that the theoretical possibility of thin lamellae being more stable in the hexagonal phase than the orthorhombic at atmospheric pressure, if the former has sufficiently low fold surface free energy, does occur in practice. But the existence of single crystals of the orthorhombic phase unambiguously shows that they did not have a hexagonal precursor; that would have made them threefold twins. The overwhelming mass of evidence is that orthorhombic and hexagonal phases crystallize independently in accordance with the phase diagram and kinetic competition during growth, as has been understood since the hexagonal phase was discovered.
Inorganic Constituents in Soil : Basics and Visuals
A must-read for students of and beginners in soil science. In a well-organized and easy-to-follow manner, it provides basic outlines of soil minerals, new methods and recent developments in the field, with a special focus on visual aids. The chapters on primary minerals, secondary minerals, non-crystalline inorganic constituents and inorganic constituents sensitive to varying redox conditions will help readers understand the basic components of soils. Further, readers are introduced to new analytical methods with the aid of microscopy and recent developments in the field. Uniquely, the book features case studies on the identification and isolation methods for vivianite crystals from paddy field soils, as well as a identical procedure for identifying noncrystalline constituents such as volcanic glasses and plant opals, which can also be applied to other soils depending on the local conditions.
Innovative dosage forms : Design and development at early stage
Provides information that is essential for the drug development effort Presents the latest advances in the field and describes in detail innovative formulations, such as nanosuspensions, micelles, and cocrystals Describes current approaches in early pre-formulation to achieve the best in vivo results Addresses regulatory and safety aspects, which are key considerations for pharmaceutical companies Includes case studies from recent drug development programs to illustrate the practical challenges of preformulation design
Inclusions in Prokaryotes
The new series "Microbiology Monographs" begins with two volumes on intracellular components in prokaryotes. In this first volume, "Inclusions in Prokaryotes", the components, labeled inclusions, are defined as discrete bodies resulting from synthesis of a metabolic product.
Frontiers of Optical Spectroscopy ; Investigating Extreme Physical Conditions with Advanced Optical Techniques
Advanced spectroscopic techniques allow the probing of very small systems and very fast phenomena, conditions that can be considered "extreme" at the present status of our experimentation and knowledge. Quantum dots, nanocrystals and single molecules are examples of the former and events on the femtosecond scale examples of the latter. The purpose of this book is to examine the realm of phenomena of such extreme type and the techniques that permit their investigations. Each author has developed a coherent section of the program starting at a somewhat fundamental level and ultimately reaching the frontier of knowledge in the field in a systematic and didactic fashion. The formal lectures are complemented by additional seminars.
Frontiers of Ferroelectricity : A Special Issue of the Journal of Materials Science
The book presents theory, fundamentals and applications of ferroelectricity. It describes the current levels of understanding of various aspects of the subject as presented by authorities in the field. Reviews and research reports cover the spectrum of ferroelectricity. Topics include relaxors, piezoelectrics, microscale and nanoscale studies, polymers and composites, unusual properties, and techniques and devices. The information in this book is intended for physicists, engineers and materials scientists working with ferroelectric materials including ceramics, single crystals, polymers, composites and even some biological materials.
Forces, Growth and Form in Soft Condensed Matter : At the Interface between Physics and Biology
This volume comprises the proceedings of a NATO Advanced Study Institute held at Geilo, Norway, 24 March - 3 April 2003, the seventeenth ASI in a series held every two years since 1971. The objective of this ASI was to identify and discuss areas where synergism between modern physics, soft condensed matter and biology might be most fruitful. The main pedagogical approach was to have lecturers focussing on basic understanding of important aspects of the relative role of the various interaction- electrostatic, hydrophobic, steric, conformational, van der Waals etc. Soft condensed matter and the connection between physics and biology have been the themes of several earlier Geilo Schools. A return to these subjects thus allowed a fresh look and a possibility for defining new directions for research. Examples of soft materials, which were discussed at this ASI, included colloidal dispersions, gels, biopolymers and charged polymer solutions, polyelectrolytes, protein/membrane complexes, nucleic acids and their complexes. Indeed, most forms of condensed matter are soft and these substances are composed of aggregates and macromolecules, with interactions that are too weak and complex to form crystals spontaneously. A characteristic feature is that small external forces, slight perturbations in temperature, pressure or concentration, can all be enough to induce significant structural changes. Thermal fluctuations are almost by definition strong in soft materials and entropy is a predominant determinant of structure, so that disorder, slow dynamics and plastic deformation are the rule. Hence the phrase ‘soft condensed matter’ has been coined.
Equilibrium statistical physics : Phases of matter and phase transitions
This is a textbook which gradually introduces the student to the statistical mechanical study of the different phases of matter and to the phase transitions between them. Throughout, only simple models of both ordinary and soft matter are used but these are studied in full detail. The subject is developed in a pedagogical manner, starting from the basics, going from the simple ideal systems to the interacting systems, and ending with the more modern topics. The latter include the renormalisation group approach to critical phenomena, the density functional theory of interfaces, the topological defects of nematic liquid crystals and the kinematic aspects of the phase transformation process. This textbook provides the student with a complete overview, intentionally at an introductory level, of the theory of phase transitions. References include suggestions for more detailed treatments and four appendices supply overviews of the mathematical tools employed in the text.
