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Armed conflict, especially the most intense types, indirectly impacts civilian mortality. The estimates suggest that almost 30 million civilian deaths were indirectly attributable to armed conflict globally between 1990 and 2017, two thirds of which were due to communicable, maternal, neonatal, and nutritional diseases. Broader and more robust measures of civilian impacts at subnational and national levels are needed to inform policy and advocacy to prevent war and protect civilians. This could include greater use of linkage studies that incorporate data from routine health and demographic sources, exposure to conflict-specific environmental risks, and quantitative epidemiological methods such as national and subnational victimisation surveys.