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Thyroid Gland and its Role In Human body. PHYSIOLOGIC ANATOMY OF THE THYROID GLAND: The thyroid gland, located immediately below the larynx on each side of and anterior to the trachea, is one of the largest endocrine glands. The thyroid secretes two major metabolic hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine, commonly called T4 and T3, respectively. the thyroid gland is composed of large numbers of closed follicles that are filled with a secretory substance called colloid and lined with cuboidal epithelial cells that secrete into the interior of the follicles. The major constituent of colloid is the large glycoprotein thyroglobulin, which contains the thyroid hormones. The thyroid gland also contains C cells that secrete calcitonin, a hormone that contributes to regulation of plasma calcium ion concentration.