الصفحة 1
الصفحة 1
Introduction to Psychology
The person who interacts with this existence with its various components is a psychological formation, is a personality that is distinguished and unique with certain characteristics, and realizes itself in work and production and in the system of various social relations, and uses what has capabilities and energies in interaction with this world and upgrading it. The human being is the focus of work, production, economics, administration, politics, science, and art. It is the focus of it, with its capabilities and psychological characteristics, and what lies behind changing this existence in terms of motivational effort and creative power are capabilities that are unique to man in its construction. Therefore, it is not surprising that psychology and its laws and principles penetrate into all different sectors of life. Rather, psychology - with its laws and methods - has become a function of the level of civilized progress in our contemporary world. This book, with its twelve chapters, came to shed light on various topics in psychology in terms of its inception, schools, goals, and processes such as remembering, forgetting, feeling, intelligence, thinking, emotions, and motives behind human behavior, and how the human personality may experience psychological disorders and how to maintain mental health to the individual. Each chapter is characterized by a basic and simplified scientific material, which aims to provide useful psychology with its basic aspects, written in an interesting, accessible and concise style. We hope that this book will be useful and practical.
European Civilization
Civilization, as historians define it, first emerged between five and six thousand years ago when people in different parts of the world began to live in organized communities with distinct political, military, economic, and social structures. Religious, intellectual, and artistic activities assumed important roles in these early societies. Western civilization itself has evolved considerably over the centuries. Although the concept of the West did not yet exist at the time of the Mesopotamians and Egyptians, their development of writing, law codes, and different roles based on gender all eventually influenced what became known as the Western civilization. Although the Greeks did not conceive of Western civilization as a cultural entity, their artistic, intellectual, and political contributions were crucial to the foundations of Western civilization. The Romans produced a remarkable series of accomplishments that were fundamental to the development of Western civilization, a civilization that came to consist largely of lands in Europe conquered by the Romans, in which Roman cultural and political ideals were gradually spread. Nevertheless, people in these early civilizations viewed themselves as subjects of states or empires, not as members of Western civilization. With the rise of Christianity during the Late Roman Empire, however, peoples in Europe began to identify themselves as part of a civilization different from others, such as that of Islam, leading to a concept of a Western civilization different from other civilizations. In the fifteenth century, Renaissance intellectuals began to identify this civilization not only with Christianity but also with the intellectual and political achievements of the ancient Greeks and Romans
