الصفحة 1
الصفحة 1
Ocular Transporters in Ophthalmic Diseases and Drug Delivery
This exceptionally important new work represents recent discoveries and advancements in the study of ocular transporters and their roles in ocular physiology, pathology, and drug delivery. Transporters are found on the membranes of cells and play a key role in transmitting signals between cells. In Ocular Transporters in Ophthalmic Diseases and Drug Delivery, a panel of distinguished authors discusses all the latest developments in the study of ocular transporters. Focusing on the molecular characteristics, localization, and substrate specificities in various compartments of the eye, this volume discusses how transporters regulate the clarity of the cornea and lens, the movements of fluids across the ciliary epithelium, and the transport of nutrients across the retinal pigment epithelium. It also provides an in-depth look at how mutations or dysfunction of specific transporters can contribute to various disorders in the eye, including blindness, and provides readers with potential targets and strategies to allow safe passage of therapeutic drugs into the eye.
Nanoscaled Semiconductor-on-Insulator Structures and Devices
This proceedings volume constitutes an archive of the contributions of the key-speakers who attended the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on “Nanoscaled Semiconductor-On-Insulator Structures and devices” held in the Tourist and Recreation Centre “Sudak” (Crimea, Ukraine) from 15 to 19 October 2006. The semiconductor industry has sustained a very rapid growth during the last three decades through impressive technological developments which have resulted in products with higher performance and lower cost per function. After many years of development it is now confidently predicted that semiconductor-on-insulator materials will enter and increasingly be used by manufacturing industry. The wider use of semiconductor (es- cially silicon) on insulator materials will not only enable the benefits of these materials to be demonstrated but, also, will drive down the cost of substrates which, in turn, will stimulate the development of other novel devices and applications.
MEMS/NEMS : (1) Handbook Techniques and Applications Design Methods, (2) Fabrication Techniques, (3) Manufacturing Methods, (4) Sensors and Actuators, (5) Medical Applications and MOEMS
Micro-Electro Mechanical Systems (MEMS) is the integration of mechanical elements, sensors, actuators, and electronics on a common silicon substrate. While the electronics are fabricated using integrated circuit (IC) process sequences (e.g., CMOS, Bipolar, or BICMOS processes),the micromechanical components are fabricated using compatible micromachining processes that selectively etch away parts of the silicon wafer or add new structural layers to form the mechanical and electromechanical devices. MEMS promises to revolutionize nearly every product category by bringing together silicon-based microelectronics with micromachining technology, thereby, making possible the realization of complete systems-on-a-chip.
Integrated Circuit Packaging, Assembly and Interconnections
Integrated Circuit Packaging, Assembly and Interconnections is intended as a multi-purpose text, serving individuals looking for an introduction, or a review, or an update of the various IC packaging, assembly, and interconnection technologies. To this end, it provides an overview of the materials and the processes, as well as the trends and available options that encompass electronic manufacturing. It covers both the technical issues and touches on some of the reliability concerns with the various technologies applicable to packaging and assembly of the IC. The focus is on the electronic manufacturing process which, in its simplest form, involves assembly of the IC into a package or interconnect substrate or board. The book discusses the various packaging approaches available, namely, single chip, multichip, and Chip On Board; the assembly options, chip & wire, tape automated bonding, and flip chip; and the essential high density package/substrate manufacturing technologies, thin film, thick film, cofired ceramic, and laminate printed wiring board (PWB) processes. Included also is a discussion of high density PWBs using build up/sequential processes.
High-Latitude Bioerosion : The Kosterfjord Experiment
Bioerosion is the major force driving the degradation of marine skeletal carbonates and limestone coasts. A wide spectrum of mechanical and/or chemical boring, scraping or crushing organisms break down calcereous substrates, comprising various grazers, macroborers and especially microborers. Their traces on and within hard substrates are known from fossil carbonates as old as the Precambrian and serve as valuable palaeoenvironmental indicators. Bioerosion processes have been extensively studied in tropical seas, while corrsponding investigations from cold-temperate to polar settings remain sparse. For the first time, an experimental study yields insight into the pace of carbonate degradation and the chronology of boring community development along a bathymetric gradient in a high-latitude setting.
Genetic control of neuronal migrations in human cortical development
Introduction Cortical development is a complex, tightly regulated process that eventually leads to the six-layered adult human neocortex, the substrate of the unique cognitive, emotional, and social abilities of our species. The basic mechanisms of early cortical development are believed to be very similar among mammals, which has led to a tendency of extrapolating experimental data from rodents on humans.
Gallium Nitride Electronics
Gallium Nitride Electronics covers developments in III-N semiconductor-based electronics with a focus on high-power and high-speed RF applications. Material properties of III-N semiconductors and substrates; the state-of-the-art of devices and circuits, epitaxial growth, device technology, modelling and characterization; and circuit examples are discussed. The book concludes with device reliability aspects and an overview of integration and packaging. This comprehensive monograph and tutorial is based on more than a decade of research on materials, devices, and circuits.
Fully-Depleted SOI CMOS Circuits and Technology for Ultralow-Power Applications
Fully-depleted SOI CMOS Circuits and Technology for Ultralow-Power Applications addresses the problem of reducing the supply voltage of conventional circuits for ultralow-power operation and explains power-efficient MTCMOS circuit design for FD-SOI devices at a supply voltage of 0.5 V. The topics include the minimum required knowledge of the fabrication of SOI substrates; FD-SOI devices and the latest developments in device and process technologies; and ultralow-voltage circuits, such as digital circuits, analog/RF circuits, and DC-DC converters. Each ultra-low-power technique related to devices and circuits is fully explained using figures to help understanding.
Encyclopedia of Pain
The Encyclopedia of Pain includes more than 3,000 entries and provides clear, detailed and up-to-date coverage of the current state of research, and treatment of pain. In addition, detailed essays provide in-depth information on all aspects of nociception and pain, including substrates, causes, pathophysiology, symptoms and signs, diagnoses and treatment. A thousand color figures enhance understanding of this too-little-understood topic.
Electrical Resistivity of Thin Metal Films
The aim of the book is to give an actual survey on the resistivity of thin metal and semiconductor films interacting with gases. We discuss the influence of the substrate material and the annealing treatment of the films, presenting our experimental data as well as theoretical models to calculate the scattering cross section of the conduction electrons in the frame-work of the scattering hypothesis.
Eco-and ground bio-engineering : The use of vegetation to improve slope stability ; Proceedings of the 1st International Conference on Eco-Engineering 13-17 September 2004
In an era where climate change, natural catastrophes and land degradation are major issues, the conservation of soil and vegetation in mountainous or sloping regions has become an international priority. How to avoid substrate mass movement through landslides and erosion using sustainable and ecologically sound techniques is rapidly becoming a scientific domain where knowledge from many different fields is required. These proceedings bring together papers from geotechnical and civil engineers, biologists, ecologists and foresters, who discuss current problems in slope stability research, and how to address those problems using ground bio- and eco-engineering techniques.
Dynamics of MEMS : Models, Methods, Experiments and Applications
This work presents a systematic view of the dynamics of MEMS (microelectromechanical systems), microstructures, and their responses. The focus is on the mecahnical/structural micro domain and the compliant nature of mechanical transmission. Features of this work include: An in-depth treatment of problems that involve reliable modeling, analysis and design, Analytical models with correct dependences on service dimensions, Cantilever based systems for nanofabrication researchers and designers, and Dynamics of complex spring and beam microsystems.
Design of Systems on a Chip : Design and Test
Design of Systems on a Chip: Design&Test is the second of two volumes addressing the design challenges associated with new generations of the semiconductor technology. The various chapters are the compilations of tutorials presented at workshops in the recent years by prominent authors from all over the world. Technology, productivity and quality are the main aspects under consideration to establish the major requirements for the design and test of upcoming systems on a chip. In particular this second book include contributions on three different, but complementary axes: core design, computer-aided design tools and test methods. A collection of chapters deal with the heterogeneity aspect of core designs, showing the diversity of parts that may share the same substrate in a state-of-the-art system on a chip.
Design and implementation of an array of patch antenna
Wireless technology is one of the main areas of research in global communication systems today and the study of communication systems is incomplete without an understanding of the process and manufacture of antennas. This was the main reason for choosing this project to focus on this area. This paper presents the design and implementation of an antenna array consisting of 4 patch antenna elements that work on 2.4GHz frequency,the substrate FR4, It was analyzed using HFSS (High Frequency Simulator Structure). In order to achieve a gain of 7 db, and a reflection coefficient of s11 of -10db Then the board was printed And he made measurements in the laboratory on the spectrum analyzer and the kit for the antennas As a result of the measurements, we obtained the antenna gain, the antenna radiation pattern, and the s11
Current Developments in Solid-state Fermentation
Over the period of last two decades, there has been significant resurgence in solid-state fermentation due to the numerous benefits it offers, especially in the engineering and environmental aspects. SSF has shown much promise in the development of several bioprocesses and products. This resurgence gained further momentum during the last 5-6 years with the developments in fundamental and applied aspects. A good deal of information has been generated in published literature and patented information. Several commercial ventures have come up based on SSF in different parts of the world. The contents are organized into four parts: Part 1 deals with the General and Fundamentals aspects of SSF; Part 2 deals with the production of bulk chemicals and products such as enzymes, organic acids, spores and mushrooms in SSF; Part 3 is on the use of SSF for specialty chemicals such as gibberellic acid, antibiotics and other pharmaceutically valuable secondary metabolites, pigments, and aroma compounds; Part 4 deals with the use of SSF miscellaneous application such as SSF for food and feed applications, agro-industrial residues as substrates in SSF and the production of silage and vermicompost.
Current Developments in Bioerosion
The book opens with papers on the evolutionary significance of bioerosion, and subsequently ventures out to explore the remarkable diversity of bioerosive biota. From microboring bacteria to grazing echinoids, the studies use a variety of techniques ranging from field observations to sophisticated micro-computed tomography to investigate the ecological and environmental role of these organisms, including symbiotic interactions and alteration of non-carbonate substrates.
Lipids in Health and Disease
Lipids are functionally versatile molecules. They have evolved from relatively simple hydrocarbons that serve as depot storages of metabolites and barriers to the permeation of solutes into complex compounds that perform a variety of signalling functions in higher organisms. This volume is devoted to the polar lipids and their constituents. We have omitted the neutral lipids like fats and oils because their function is generally to act as deposits of metabolizable substrates. The sterols are also outside the scope of the present volume and the reader is referred to volume 28 of this series which is the subject of cholesterol. The polar lipids are comprised of fatty acids attached to either glycerol or sphingosine. The fatty acids themselves constitute an important reservoir of substrates for conversion into families of signalling and modulating molecules including the eicosanoids amongst which are the prostaglandins, thromboxanes and leucotrienes. The way fatty acid metabolism is regulated in the liver and how fatty acids are desaturated are subjects considered in the first part of this volume. This section also deals with the modulation of protein function and inflammation by unsaturated fatty acids and their derivatives. New insights into the role of fatty acid synthesis and eicosenoid function in tumour progression and metastasis are presented.
Lateral Alignment of Epitaxial Quantum Dots
Accurate positioning of self-organized nanostructures on a substrate surface can be regarded as the Achilles’ heel of nanotechnology. This perception also applies to self-assembled semiconductor quantum dots. This book describes the full range of possible strategies to laterally align self-assembled quantum dots on a substrate surface, starting from pure self-ordering mechanisms and culminating with forced alignment by lithographic positioning. The text addresses both short- and long-range ordering phenomena and paves the way for the future high integration of single quantum dot devices on a single chip. Contributions by the best-known experts in this field ensure that all relevant quantum-dot heterostructures are elucidated from diverse relevant perspectives.
Biomineralization I : Crystallization and Self-Organization Process
The five chapters of Biomineralization, volume 1, provide a bridge between the mineralogy and the organic substrates that enable the mineral formation by organisms in nature and under laboratory conditions. The book is a most useful reference for all concerned with biomineralization and biogenic minerals.In nature, biological organisms produce mineralized tissues such as bone, teeth, diatoms, and shells. Biomineralization is the sophisticated process of production of these inorganic minerals by living organisms. Construction of organic–inorganic hybrid materials with controlled mineralization analogous to those produced by nature has recently received much attention because it can aid in understanding the mechanisms of the biomineralization process and development of biomimetic materials processing.
Biological adhesives
Many plants, animals, and microbes use adhesive polymers and structures to attach to inert substrates, to each other, or to other organisms. This is the first major review that brings together research on many of the well-known biological adhesives. Emphasizing the diversity of biological adhesives and associated adhesion processes, it deals with bacteria, fungi, algae, and marine and terrestrial animals. It bridges a variety of disciplines including biochemistry, molecular biology, biomechanics, bioengineering, microbiology, organism structure and function, and ultrastructure. As we learn more about the molecular and mechanical properties of these adhesives, we begin to understand why they adhere so well and how they develop cohesive strength. With this understanding comes the prospect of developing synthetic or semi-synthetic adhesives with broad applications in areas such as medicine, dentistry, and biotechnology. The book is suitable for both industrial and academic researchers.
