الصفحة 1
الصفحة 1
One Hundred Years of Chemical Warfare : Research, Deployment, Consequences
On April 22, 1915, the German military released 150 tons of chlorine gas at Ypres, Belgium. Carried by a long-awaited wind, the chlorine cloud passed within a few minutes through the British and French trenches, leaving behind at least 1,000 dead and 4,000 injured. This chemical attack, which amounted to the first use of a weapon of mass destruction, marks a turning point in world history. The preparation as well as the execution of the gas attack was orchestrated by Fritz Haber, the director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Physical Chemistry and Electrochemistry in Berlin-Dahlem. During World War I, Haber transformed his research institute into a center for the development of chemical weapons (and of the means of protection against them).
On the path to AI : Law’s prophecies and the conceptual foundations of the machine learning age
This book explores machine learning and its impact on how we make sense of the world. It does so by bringing together two ‘revolutions’ in a surprising analogy: the revolution of machine learning, which has placed computing on the path to artificial intelligence, and the revolution in thinking about the law that was spurred by Oliver Wendell Holmes Jr in the last two decades of the 19th century.
Nuclear Law : The Global Debate
This open access book traces the journey of nuclear law: its origins, how it has developed, where it is now, and where it is headed. As a discipline, this highly specialized body of law makes it possible for us to benefit from the life-saving applications of nuclear science and technology, including diagnosing cancer as well as avoiding and mitigating the effects of climate change. This book seeks to give readers a glimpse into the future of nuclear law, science and technology. It intends to provoke thought and discussion about how we can maximize the benefits and minimize the risks inherent in nuclear science and technology. This compilation of essays presents a global view in discipline as well as in geography.
Nonlinear Optical Crystals : A Complete Survey
Nonlinear optical crystals are widely used in modern optical science and technology for frequency conversion of laser light, i.e. to generate laser radiation at any specific wavelength in visible, UV or IR spectral regions. This unrivalled reference book contains the most complete and up-to-date information on properties of nonlinear optical crystals. It includes: * Database of 63 common and novel nonlinear optical crystals * Periodically-poled and self-frequency-doubling materials * Full description of linear and nonlinear optical properties * Significant amount of crystallophysical, thermophysical, spectroscopic, electro-optic and magneto-optic information * 7 mini-reviews on novel applications, such as deep-UV light generation, terahertz-wave generation, ultrashort laser pulse compression, photonic band-gap crystals, x3 nonlinearity, etc. * More than 1500 different references with full titles It is a vital source of information for scientists and engineers dealing with modern applications of nonlinear optical crystals in quantum electronics, photonics, optoelectronics and laser physics.
Nanotechnology for Environmental Remediation
The newly discovered advanced oxidation technology using nanoscale zero-valent iron, which is reported in this book, could be widely used to treat pesticides, herbicides, and industrial chemicals as well as to purify contaminated water for domestic use. In addition, it can contribute to advancing science and technology and providing valuable information to all readers - researchers, scientists, engineers, and students - in this field for their further research and studies.
Nanostructured Coatings
Controlling the performance of structures and components of all sizes and shapes through the use of engineered coatings has long been a key strategy in materials processing and technological design. The ever-increasing sophistication of en- neered coatings and the rapid trend toward producing increasingly smaller devices with greater demands on their fabrication, properties and performance have led to signicant progress in the science and technology of coatings, particularly in the last decade or two. Nanostructured coatings constitute a major area of sci- ti?c exploration and technological pursuit in this development.Nanostructured coatings demand study in a highly interdisciplinary research arena which encompasses: surface and interface science study of defects modern characterization methodologies cutting-edge experimental developments to deposit.
Nanoscale Photonic Imaging
This book, edited and authored by a team of world-leading researchers, provides a broad overview of advanced photonic methods for nanoscale visualization, as well as describing a range of fascinating in-depth studies.
Nanocrystals : Synthesis, Properties and Applications
Nanocrystals and Their Mesoscopic Organization is an up-to-date monograph on an important aspect of nanoscience and technology. It opens with an elegant introduction including a brief historical account. Emphasis is then given to diverse synthetic methods, both chemical and physical, in addition to modern hybrid methods. The orientation shifts gradually to properties of nanocrystals that evolve with size; detailed discussions are to be found on mesoscalar assemblies in different dimensions, special cases of core-shell and magic nuclearity nanocrystals. The authors also address applications of nanocrystals, carefully separating out potential applications and those that have already emerged, and cite around 900 references from the literature, most from the last decade. Tables providing information at a glance and schematic diagrams at relevant places, make the monograph appealing to read.
Modes of Bio-Bordering : The Hidden (Dis)integration of Europe
This book explores how biometric data is increasingly flowing across borders in order to limit, control and contain the mobility of selected people, namely criminalized populations.
Modern Developments in X-Ray and Neutron Optics
This volume describes modern developments in reflective, refractive and diffractive optics for short wavelength radiation as well as recent theoretical approaches to modelling and ray-tracing the X-ray and neutron optical systems. It is based on the joint research activities of specialists in X-ray and neutron optics from 11 countries, working together under the framework of the European Programme for Cooperation in Science and Technology (COST, Action P7) in the period 2002--2006. The chapters are written by leading specialists from European laboratories, universities and large facilities. In addition to new ideas and concepts, the contents provide a large amount of practical information about recently implemented devices and methods.
Modeling, Simulation and Optimization of Complex Processes ; Proceedings of the Third International Conference on High Performance Scientific Computing, March 6–10, 2006, Hanoi, Vietnam
This proceedings volume contains a selection of papers presented at the Third International Conference on High Performance Scientific Computing held at the Hanoi Institute of Mathematics, Vietnamese Academy of Science and Technology (VAST), March 6-10, 2006. The conference has been organized by the Hanoi Institute of Mathematics, Interdisciplinary Center for Scientific Computing (IWR), Heidelberg, and its International PhD Program ``Complex Processes: Modeling, Simulation and Optimization'', and Ho Chi Minh City University of Technology. The contributions cover the broad interdisciplinary spectrum of scientific computing and present recent advances in theory, development of methods, and applications in practice. Subjects covered are mathematical modelling, numerical simulation, methods for optimization and control, parallel computing, software development, applications of scientific computing in physics, chemistry, biology and mechanics, environmental and hydrology problems, transport, logistics and site location, communication networks, production scheduling, industrial and commercial problems.
Modeling, Simulation and Optimization of Complex Processes ; Proceedings of the International Conference on High Performance Scientific Computing, March 10-14, 2003, Hanoi, Vietnam
This proceedings volume contains a selection of papers presented at the symposium "International Conference on High Performance Scientific Computing'' held at the Hanoi Institute of Mathematics of the Vietnam National Center for Natural Science and Technology (NCST). The contributions cover the broad interdisciplinary spectrum of scientific computing and present recent advances in theory, development of methods, and applications in practice. Subjects covered are mathematical modelling, numerical simulation, methods for optimization and optimal control, parallel computing, symbolic computing, software development, applications of scientific computing in physics, chemistry, biology and mechanics, environmental and hydrology problems, transport, logistics and site location, communication networks, production scheduling, industrial and commercial problems.
Model-Based Reasoning in Science, Technology, and Medicine
The volume is based on the papers that were presented at the international conference Model-Based Reasoning in Science and Medicine (MBR’06 China), held at Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, P.R. China in July 2006. The presentations given at the conference explored how scientific thinking uses models and explanatory reasoning to produce creative changes in theories and concepts. Some addressed the problem of model-based reasoning in technology, and stressed the issue of technological innovation and medical reasoning. The various contributions of the book are written by interdisciplinary researchers who are active in the area of creative reasoning in science and technology: the most recent results and achievements about the topics above are illustrated in detail in the papers.
Microscopy of Semiconducting Materials ; Proceedings of the 14th Conference, April 11-14, 2005, Oxford, UK
This is a long-established international biennial conference series, organised in conjunction with the Royal Microscopical Society, Oxford, the Institute of Physics, London and the Materials Research Society, USA. The 14th conference in the series focused on the most recent advances in the study of the structural and electronic properties of semiconducting materials by the application of transmission and scanning electron microscopy. The latest developments in the use of other important microcharacterisation techniques were also covered and included the latest work using scanning probe microscopy and also X-ray topography and diffraction. Developments in materials science and technology covering the complete range of elemental and compound semiconductors are described in this volume.
Metathesis Chemistry : From Nanostructure Design to Synthesis of Advanced Materials
Recently, an important scientific event in metathesis chemistry, the NATO-Advanced Study Institute New Frontiers in Metathesis Chemistry: From Nanostructure Design to Sustainable Technologies for . Synthesis of Advanced Materials was organized in Antalya, Turkey (September 4-16, 2006). Prominent scientists, young researchers and students, convened for two weeks to debate on the newest trends in olefin metathesis and identify future perspectives in this fascinating field of synthetic organic, organometallic and polymer chemistry with diverse potential applications in materials science and technology. Following the fruitful practice of the previous NATO ASI meetings, selected contributions comprising plenary lectures, short communications and posters are compiled in this special volume dedicated to this outstanding international scientific meeting.
Measurement Uncertainties in Science and Technology
At the turn of the 19th century, Carl Friedrich Gauß founded error calculus by predicting the then unknown position of the planet Ceres. Ever since, error calculus has occupied a place at the heart of science. In this book, Grabe illustrates the breakdown of traditional error calculus in the face of modern measurement techniques. Revising Gauß’ error calculus ab initio, he treats random and unknown systematic errors on an equal footing from the outset. Furthermore, Grabe also proposes what may be called well defined measuring conditions, a prerequisite for defining confidence intervals that are consistent with basic statistical concepts. The resulting measurement uncertainties are as robust and reliable as required by modern-day science, engineering and technology.
Mathematical Software - ICMS 2006 ; 2nd International Congress on Mathematical Software, Castro Urdiales, Spain, September 1-3, 2006, Proceedings
This volume contains the outstanding collection of invited papers and refereed papers selected for the Second International Congress on Mathematical Software, ICMS 2006, held in Castro Urdiales, Spain, September 1-3, 2006. This congress was devoted to all aspects of mathematical software, whose appearance is — in our opinion — one of the most important events in mathematics. Mathematical software systems are used to construct examples, to prove theorems, and to find new mathematical phenomena. Conversely, mathematical research often motivates developments of new algorithms and new systems. Beyond mathematics, mathematical software systems are becoming indispensable tools in many branches of science and technology.
Interphases and Mesophases in Polymer Crystallization III
In polymer crystallization the challenge is to identify and clarify the transformations by which chain molecules pass from a disordered, molten state to the ordered supra-molecular organization known as the semi-crystalline state. The subject is highly relevant in terms of both basic science and technology; it is indeed clear that many modern applications require complete control of the structure and the morphology of polymers from macroscopic dimensions down to below the nanoscale. As a simple example, making the crystallites in a polymer fiber equally oriented and reducing the number of chain folds (or hairpins) therein, usually turn out to be very favorable requisites for mechanical performance . .This series presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in polymer and biopolymer science including chemistry, physical chemistry, physics and material science. It is adressed to ali scientists at universities and in industry who wish to keep abreast of advances in the topics covered
Internationalisation of European ICT Activities : Dynamics of Information and Communications Technology
The internationalisation of information and communication technologies has accelerated since the 1990s in Europe and worldwide. Taking a close look at the empirical analysis of competitive trade positions, trends in foreign direct investment and the internationalisation of research and development in ICT brings many new insights about the expansion, innovation and adjustment in the EU’s most dynamic sector. Moreover, the analysis discusses case studies on key players in ICT and suggests major policy conclusions for a field considered fundamental in the context of the EU’s Lisbon Agenda. The theoretical and empirical analysis gives a new and differentiated picture of European ICT where the links between telecommunications dynamics, software innovation and digital services are crucial. Outsourcing, insourcing and offshoring are natural elements of a new digital international division of labour which require reforms in both the EU member countries and at the supranational level.
Internal Research & Development Markets
In times of global markets, increasing competition and short product life cycles the effective and efficient management of industrial research and development (R&D) activities is of central importance for companies as well as for the whole economy. Traditionally the resources for R&D projects are allocated via planning- and budgeting procedures, evaluation methods and hierarchical decision-committees. This book presents resource allocation via internal markets as an alternative to such hierarchical decision procedures.
