الصفحة 1
الصفحة 1
Modern Techniques for Characterizing Magnetic Materials
The book includes, but is not limited to the following areas: Magnetic neutron scattering with 3-axis spectrometer * Small-angle neutrons scattering * Polarized neutron magnetic reflectometry * Resonant soft x-ray magneto-optic scattering * Magnetic hard x-ray scattering * Spin resolved photoemission spectroscopy * Lorentz microscopy and electron holography * Scanning electron microscopy with polarization analysis * Spin polarized low energy electron microscopy * Spin-polarized scanning tunneling microscopy * Magnetic force microscopy * Near-field scanning optical microscopy * Time-resolved scanning Kerr microscopy * Brillouin light scattering spectroscopy
Inverse Problems and Imaging : Lectures given at the C.I.M.E. Summer School held in Martina Franca, Italy September 15–21, 2002
Nowadays we are facing numerous and important imaging problems: nondestructive testing of materials, monitoring of industrial processes, enhancement of oil production by efficient reservoir characterization, emerging developments in noninvasive imaging techniques for medical purposes - computerized tomography (CT), magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), positron emission tomography (PET), X-ray and ultrasound tomography, etc. In the CIME Summer School on Imaging (Martina Franca, Italy 2002), leading experts in mathematical techniques and applications presented broad and useful introductions for non-experts and practitioners alike to many aspects of this exciting field. The volume contains part of the above lectures completed and updated by additional contributions on other related topics: a general presentation and introduction (Moscoso), X-ray tomography (Natterer), Electromagnetic imaging (Dorn, Bertete-Aguirre, Papanicolaou), coherent imaging in telecommunications in a multiple input-multiple output setup (Dorn), polarization based optical imaging (Moscoso), topological derivatives used in shape reconstruction related to inverse scattering problems (Carpio, Rapún), Point interactions (Dell’Antonio, Figari, Teta).
Internal Migration, Urbanization and Poverty in Asia : Dynamics and Interrelationships
The chapters within this volume examine those complexities using a range of traditional and nontraditional measures—such as multidimensional poverty, gaps, and polarization—to arrive at the conclusion that poverty is now an urban issue. This volume offers an essential resource for economic policy makers and students of development economics to understand the interrelationships between internal migration, urbanization, and poverty in Asia, paving the way for the improved management of internal migration, and disadvantaged and vulnerable populations.
In situ NMR Methods in Catalysis
In Situ NMR Methods in Catalysis is part of the Springer series Topics in Current Chemistry. The book contains five chapters and a helpful author and subject index. Chapter by chapter, the individual contributions are well written and structured . The book presents an excellent resource for the reader who is interested in a delivery of topics related to homogenous catalysis, some of which can be investigated by NMR.This will be a must-have work for scientists and practitioners in any field related to modern chemical research. It will also be highly useful for many workers in industry who are required to keep up-to-date with the latest news in chemistry and applied chemistry. So much is covered here in critical review, from the present position of developing research to future trends.
High Energy Polarized Proton Beams : A Modern View
This monograph begins with a review of the basic equations of spin motion in particle accelerators. It then reviews how polarized protons can be accelerated to several tens of GeV using as examples the preaccelerators of HERA, a 6.3 km long cyclic accelerator at DESY / Hamburg. Such techniques have already been used at the AGS of BNL / New York, to accelerate polarized protons to 25 GeV. But for acceleration to energies of several hundred GeV as in RHIC, TEVATRON, HERA, LHC, or a VLHC, new problems can occur which can lead to a significantly diminished beam polarization. For these high energies, it is necessary to look in more detail at the spin motion, and for that the invariant spin field has proved to be a useful tool. This is already widely used for the description of high-energy electron beams that become polarized by the emission of spin-flip synchrotron radiation. It is shown that this field gives rise to an adiabatic invariant of spin-orbit motion and that it defines the maximum time average polarization available to a particle physics experiment.
Handbook of high field dynamic nuclear polarization
This comprehensive handbook is a compendium of the current state-of-the art of high field Dynamic Nuclear Polarization—from long-proven, early developments, up to today’s hot topics. It covers all the relevant subjects that have made a direct or indirect contribution toward advancing this field, and focuses on topics such as: the theory behind the effects seen within DNP; instrumentation required for carrying out DNP; and specific applications of DNP including protein monitoring, catalysis, nanoparticles, biological and clinical studies.
Handbook of Applied Solid State Spectroscopy
Solid-State spectroscopy is a burgeoning field with applications in many branches of science, including physics, chemistry, biosciences, surface science, and materials science. Handbook of Applied Solid-State Spectroscopy brings together in one volume information about various spectroscopic techniques that is currently scattered in the literature of these disciplines. This concise yet comprehensive volume covers theory and applications of a broad range of spectroscopies, including NMR, NQR, EPR/ESR, ENDOR, scanning tunneling, acoustic resonance, FTIR, auger electron emission, x-ray photoelectron emission, luminescence, and optical polarization, and more. Emphasis is placed on fundamentals and current methods and procedures, together with the latest applications and developments in the field.
Half-metallic Alloys : Fundamentals and Applications
Half-metals are particular ferromagnetic materials which can be considered as hybrids between metals and semiconductors. A particular feature of these materials is that electrons at the Fermi level show complete spin polarization making them prime targets for research into suitable divices for spin electronics. This book is both an introduction and state-of-art survey of the latest advances in the understanding and applications of Heusler alloys and related compounds.
Graded Ferroelectrics, Transpacitors and Transponents
The primary focus of the book is directed toward polarization-graded ferroelectrics and their active components - transpacitors; however, the findings here are quite general. The theory of graded ferroics is put on a solid foundation in Chapters 2 and 5, whereas much of the introductory material relies more heavily upon analogy. This was done so as to provide the reader with an intuitive approach to graded ferroics. Heterogeneous ferroics are shown as logical extensions of passive semiconductor junction devices such as p-n and n-p diodes and their active manifestations: transistors, to transpacitors, transductors, translastics and ultimately to the general active ferroic elements, transponents.
Frontiers in Magnetic Materials
Frontiers in Magnetic Materials focuses on the current achievements and state-of-the-art advancements in magnetic materials. Several lines of development- High-Tc Superconductivity, Nanotechnology and refined experimental techniques among them – raised knowledge and interest in magnetic materials remarkably. The book comprises 24 chapters on the most relevant topics written by renowned international experts in the field. It is of central interest to researchers and specialists in Physics and Materials Science, both in academic and industrial research, as well as advanced students.
Ferroelectric Thin Films : Basic Properties and Device Physics for Memory Applications
Ferroelectric thin films continue to attract much attention due to their developing, diverse applications in memory devices, FeRAM, infrared sensors, piezoelectric sensors and actuators. This book, aimed at students, researchers and developers, gives detailed information about the basic properties of these materials and the associated device physics. All authors are acknowledged experts in the field.
Endourooncology : New Horizons in Endourology
Recent research and clinical work have demonstrated that the rapid urologic innovation in minimally invasive treatment is creating exciting new horizons in endourology. This sixth volume in the series Recent Advances in Endourology brings that knowledge to a wider audience, focusing on the new concept of endourooncology, which is the merging of endourology and oncology. In the surgical treatment of urologic malignancies, bipolarization - that is, radical extended resection or organ-sparing surgery - is making remarkable advances. Further developments in sophisticated reconstructive surgery using robotic systems and image-guided ablation technology will allow surgeons to formulate minimally invasive, tailor-made procedures for each patient with urologic cancer. In this book, the current status and future prospects of these new technologies are reviewed, illuminating their roles in the future of endourooncology.
Deliberative public engagement with science : An empirical investigation
This compact open access reference delves beyond popular concepts of educated consumers and an informed public by examining the science behind deliberative engagement. Using data from four longitudinal studies, the authors assess public engagement methods in deliberative discussions of ethical, legal, and social issues concerning innovations in nanotechnology. Coverage includes the theoretical origins of the studies, forms of engagement and variations used, and in-depth details on cognitive, affective, and social components that go into the critical thinking process and forming of opinions. Not only are the findings intriguing in and of themselves, but researchers from varied fields will also find them useful in pursuing their own projects.
Materials Fundamentals of Gate Dielectrics
This book presents materials fundamentals of novel gate dielectrics that are being introduced into semiconductor manufacturing to ensure the continuous scalling of the CMOS devices. This is a very fast evolving field of research so we choose to focus on the basic understanding of the structure, thermodunamics, and electronic properties of these materials that determine their performance in device applications. Most of these materials are transition metal oxides. Ironically, the d-orbitals responsible for the high dielectric constant cause sever integration difficulties thus intrinsically limiting high-k dielectrics. Though new in the electronics industry many of these materials are wel known in the field of ceramics, and we describe this unique connection. The complexity of the structure-property relations in TM oxides makes the use of the state of the art first-principles calculations necessary. Several chapters give a detailed description of the modern theory of polarization, and heterojunction band discontinuity within the framework of the density functional theory. Experimental methods include oxide melt solution calorimetry and differential scanning calorimetry, Raman scattering and other optical characterization techniques, transmission electron microscopy, and x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy.
Lidar : Range-Resolved Optical Remote Sensing of the Atmosphere
Written by leading experts in optical radar, or lidar, this book brings all the recent practices up-to-date and covers a multitude of applications, from atmospheric sciences to environmental protection. Its broad cross-disciplinary scope should appeal to both the experienced scientist and the novice in the field. The Foreword is by one of the early pioneers in the area, Herbert Walther.
Laser Resonators and Beam Propagation : Fundamentals, Advanced Concepts, Applications
Optical Resonators provides a detailed discussion of the properties of optical resonators for lasers from basic theory to recent research. In addition to describing the fundamental theories of resonators such as geometrical optics, diffraction, and polarisation the characteristics of all important resonator schemes and their calculation are presented. Experimental examples, practical problems and a collection of measurement techniques support the comprehensive treatment of the subject. Optical Resonators is the only book currently available that provides a comprehensive overview of the the subject. Combined with the structure of the text and the autonomous nature of the chapters this work will be as suitable for those new to the field as it will be invaluable to specialists conducting research. This second edition has been enlarged by new sections on Q-switching and resonators with internal phase/amplitude control. In addition, the whole book has been brought up-to-date.
Compactifying Moduli Spaces for Abelian Varieties
This volume presents the construction of canonical modular compactifications of moduli spaces for polarized Abelian varieties (possibly with level structure), building on the earlier work of Alexeev, Nakamura, and Namikawa. This provides a different approach to compactifying these spaces than the more classical approach using toroical embeddings, which are not canonical. There are two main new contributions in this monograph: (1) The introduction of logarithmic geometry as understood by Fontaine, Illusie, and Kato to the study of degenerating Abelian varieties; and (2) the construction of canonical compactifications for moduli spaces with higher degree polarizations based on stack-theoretic techniques and a study of the theta group.
Cardiac Safety of Noncardiac Drugs : Practical Guidelines for Clinical Research and Drug Development
The authors explain the parameters of cardiac safety at all stages of clinical research and drug development, including both the preclinical and pharmacogenomic aspects generally and the clinical methodologies and technical aspects for investigational drugs based on cardiac repolarization, as defined by the duration of the QTc interval. Additional chapters comprehensively review the application of electrocardiology in clinical research
Active Lighting and Its Application for Computer Vision : 40 Years of History of Active Lighting Techniques
Computer vision entails both passive and active illumination techniques. Whereas passive techniques observe the scene statically and analyse it as is, by contrast active techniques give the scene some actions and try to facilitate the analysis. In particular, active illumination techniques project specific light, for which the characteristics are known beforehand, to a target scene to enable stable and accurate analysis of the scene.
