الصفحة 1
الصفحة 1
Nanoformulations in Human Health: Challenges and Approaches
This book is an amalgamation of knowledge, experience, and expertise in various aspects of nanotechnology, by experts who are proficient in designing novel nanoformulations that are used in the treatment of various challenging and prevalent diseases. It is an exhaustive compilation of the multi-faceted arena of nanoformulations and the healthcare system that caters to the needs of academicians, scholars, researchers, etc. The most important aspect of the book covers various types of nanoformulations and their applications in the treatment of communicable and non-communicable diseases. Each chapter focuses on a particular nanoformulation as well as a disease including the pathophysiology of the disease, the current treatment modalities of diseases, the role of nanoformulation in treatment and other future aspects and directions for further work. Coverage includes neuropathic pain, colon targeting, nose-to-brain drug delivery, cancer, arthritis and tuberculosis.
Nanocrystals : Synthesis, Properties and Applications
Nanocrystals and Their Mesoscopic Organization is an up-to-date monograph on an important aspect of nanoscience and technology. It opens with an elegant introduction including a brief historical account. Emphasis is then given to diverse synthetic methods, both chemical and physical, in addition to modern hybrid methods. The orientation shifts gradually to properties of nanocrystals that evolve with size; detailed discussions are to be found on mesoscalar assemblies in different dimensions, special cases of core-shell and magic nuclearity nanocrystals. The authors also address applications of nanocrystals, carefully separating out potential applications and those that have already emerged, and cite around 900 references from the literature, most from the last decade. Tables providing information at a glance and schematic diagrams at relevant places, make the monograph appealing to read.
Modulated Temperature Differential Scanning Calorimetry : Theoretical and Practical Applications in Polymer Characterisation
This book provides both a basic and advanced treatment of the theory of the technique followed by a detailed exposition of its application to reacting systems, blends and semicrystalline polymers by the leaders in all of these fields. It is an essential text for anybody interested in calorimetry or polymer characterization, especially if they have found that conventional DSC cannot help them with their problems.
ISO Science Legacy : A Compact Review of ISO Major Achievements
This book recounts results obtained via the Infrared Space Observatory (ISO) on comets, in the close environment of pre-main sequence stars, in the interstellar medium, and in the final stages of stellar life, using molecular hydrogen, ubiquitous crystalline silicates, water and ices.
Interphases and Mesophases in Polymer Crystallization III
In polymer crystallization the challenge is to identify and clarify the transformations by which chain molecules pass from a disordered, molten state to the ordered supra-molecular organization known as the semi-crystalline state. The subject is highly relevant in terms of both basic science and technology; it is indeed clear that many modern applications require complete control of the structure and the morphology of polymers from macroscopic dimensions down to below the nanoscale. As a simple example, making the crystallites in a polymer fiber equally oriented and reducing the number of chain folds (or hairpins) therein, usually turn out to be very favorable requisites for mechanical performance . .This series presents critical reviews of the present and future trends in polymer and biopolymer science including chemistry, physical chemistry, physics and material science. It is adressed to ali scientists at universities and in industry who wish to keep abreast of advances in the topics covered
Inorganic Constituents in Soil : Basics and Visuals
A must-read for students of and beginners in soil science. In a well-organized and easy-to-follow manner, it provides basic outlines of soil minerals, new methods and recent developments in the field, with a special focus on visual aids. The chapters on primary minerals, secondary minerals, non-crystalline inorganic constituents and inorganic constituents sensitive to varying redox conditions will help readers understand the basic components of soils. Further, readers are introduced to new analytical methods with the aid of microscopy and recent developments in the field. Uniquely, the book features case studies on the identification and isolation methods for vivianite crystals from paddy field soils, as well as a identical procedure for identifying noncrystalline constituents such as volcanic glasses and plant opals, which can also be applied to other soils depending on the local conditions.
Engineering of Crystalline Materials Properties ; State of the Art in Modeling, Design and Applications
This volume collects the lecture notes delivered by the main speakers at the Erice 2007 International School of Crystallography, generously selected by NATO as an Advanced Study Institute (# 982582). The aim of the school was to discuss the state-of-the-art in molecular materials design, that is, the rational analysis and fabrication of crystalline solids showing a predefined structural organization of their component molecules and ions, which results in the manifestation of a specific collective property of technological interest.
Electron crystallography : Novel approaches for structure determination of nanosized materials
During the last decade we have been witness to several exciting achievements in electron crystallography. This includes structural and charge density studies on organic molecules complicated inorganic and metallic materials in the amorphous, nano-, meso- and quasi-crystalline state and also development of new software, tailor-made for the special needs of electron crystallography. This volume comprises the proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute on Electron Crystallography: Novel Approaches for Structure Determination of Nanosized Materials, Erice, Italy, 10 - 24 June 2004
Disordered Materials : An Introduction
This self-contained text introduces the physics of structurally disordered condensed systems at the level of advanced undergraduate and graduate students. Among the topics are the geometry and symmetries of the structural units used as building blocks of extended structures, the various kinds of disorder, the phenomenology and the main theories of the glass transition, the structure of amorphous systems and the techniques to investigate it, the evolution of system's structure with its size (clusters) and the presence of orientational order in the absence of translational order (quasicrystals). In the second edition, the treatment of the mode coupling theory of the glass transition has been enlarged and connects now to a new section on collective excitations in disordered systems. Special attention has been devoted to nanometer-sized disordered systems, with emphasis on cluster-assembled materials. Questions of what governs the occurrence and stability of quasicrystals, the features of the amorphous to quasicrystal transformation and its reverse transition are discussed. The conditions leading to nano-quasicrystalline phases of technological interest are examined. Throughout the text relevant recent experimental and theoretical results are discussed so as to give readers insight into the currently most vibrant research topics.
Developing Organogel of CoEnzyme Q10
Coenzyme Q10 is a small lipophilic molecule composed of a benzoquinone ring and a hydrophobic isoprenoid tail and is present in all cell membranes. It is also an antioxidant. It plays a substantial role in energy production by acting as a mobile electron carrier in the electron transport chain. It has poor intestinal absorption and is prepared in topical forms. Organogel is a non-crystalline, non-glassy thermoreversible (thermoplastic) solid material and viscoelastic system can be regarded as a semi-solid preparation which has an immobilized external apolar phase, it is compatible with high molecular weight ingredients. The objective of present work is to prepare new dosage form with studying of different factors and conditions affecting preparation. Materials and methods: stearic acid and Flaxseed oil organogel was prepared by three methods and confirmed by quality assessment methods including: transparency, structure analysis, inverted tube test, kinetic of organogalation and stability test.
Crystalline cellulose and derivatives : Characterization and structures
Constitutes a valuable, concise and up-to-date guide for the materials and life science community interested in cellulose and related materials. Reliable crystal structures of all cellulose polymorphs and cellulose derivatives determined are critically reviewed and discussed. Models are represented in graphs together with a collection of geometrical data as well as the atomic coordinates for further use. The background for fiber diffraction, computer-aided modeling and spectroscopic investigations is briefly introduced and also included are the necessary molecular data from oligosaccharides as a basis for structure evaluations. X-ray diffraction patterns and spectroscopic diagrams are presented as references to characterize cellulosic materials and to serve as fingerprint tools for the exploration of unknown specimens of cell walls and of industrially processed films and fibers as well as solid-state materials.
Computer Simulations of Liquid Crystals and Polymers ; Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop on Computational Methods for Polymers and Liquid Crystalline Polymers, Erice, Italy. 16-22 July 2003
Liquid crystals, polymers and polymer liquid crystals are soft condensed matter systems of major technological and scientific interest. An understanding of the macroscopic properties of these complex systems and of their many and interesting peculiarities at the molecular level can nowadays only be attained using computer simulations and statistical mechanical theories. Both in the Liquid Crystal and Polymer fields a considerable amount of simulation work has been done in the last few years with various classes of models at different special resolutions, ranging from atomistic to molecular and coarse-grained lattice models. Each of the two fields has developed its own set of tools and specialized procedures and the book aims to provide a state of the art review of the computer simulation studies of polymers and liquid crystals. This is of great importance in view of a potential cross-fertilization between these connected areas which is particularly apparent for a number of experimental systems like, e.g. polymer liquid crystals and anisotropic gels where the different fields necessarily merge. An effort has been made to assess the possibilities of a coherent description of the themes that have developed independently, and to compare and extend the theoretical and computational techniques put forward in the different areas.
Magnetoreception and Magnetosomes in Bacteria
Recent developments in the research on magnetotactic bacteria are presented in this volume. Included are reviews on the formation and organization of magnetosomes, the genes controlling magnetosome biomineralization, and new cryogenic techniques to visualize novel cytoskeleton structures. Described here are potential nanobiotechnological applications of the magnetosome crystals, which have magnetic and crystalline characteristics unmatched by their inorganic counterparts.
Low Thermal Expansion Glass Ceramics
Describes the fundamental principles, the manufacturing process, and applications of low thermal expansion glass ceramics. The composition, structure, and stability of polycrystalline materials having a low thermal expansion are described, and it is shown how low thermal expansion glass ceramics can be manufactured from appropriately chosen glass compositions. Examples illustrate the formation of this type of glass ceramic by utilizing normal production processes together with controlled crystallization. Thus glass ceramics with thermal coefficients of expansion of less than 0.3 x 10(-6)K(-1) can be obtained. Even for the mass production of high-quality cooktop panels (Ceran®., oven windows, and other household appliances a high reproducibility of the properties is achieved. Special glass ceramics (Zerodur®. for technological and scientific applications such as high-precision optics or large astronomical mirrors are likewise discussed. The completely revised edition also features new sections on glass-ceramic applications, with details on their performance, CDC-grinding, and laser gyroscopes containing Zerodur®..
Liquid Crystalline Functional Assemblies and Their Supramolecular Structures
This book presents critical reviews of the present position and future trends in modern chemical research concerned with chemical structure and bonding. It contains short and concise reports, each written by the world's renowned experts.
Jamming, Yielding, and Irreversible Deformation in Condensed Matter
This collection ot ten tutorial reviews by leading researchers in the field introduces and renews recent advances on irreversible deformation phenomena in solid state and soft condensed matter physics. The focus in applications is on amorphous materials, crystalline solids under stress and more generally, elastic manifolds driven by external processes. This book addresses in particular nonspecialists and graduate students wishing to enter the field.
Clays
Here is a comprehensive and up to-do-date presentation of the origins, and properties of clay minerals at the Earths surface. Concluding chapters show that clay minerals can form in variety of different environments: meteorites, lavas, subduction zones, among others.
Carbon : The future material for advanced technology applications
Carbon-based materials and their applications constitute a burgeoning topic of scientific research among scientists and engineers attracted from diverse areas such as applied physics, materials science, biology, mechanics, electronics and engineering. Further development of current materials, advances in their applications, and discovery of new forms of carbon are the themes addressed by the frontier research in these fields. This book covers all the fundamental topics concerned with amorphous and crystalline C-based materials, such as diamond, diamond-like carbon, carbon alloys, carbon nanotubes. The goal is, by coherently progressing from growth - and characterisation techniques to technological applications for each class of material, to fashion the first comprehensive state-of-the-art review of this fast evolving field of research in carbon materials.
Biomineralization : From molecular and nano-structural analyses to environmental science
Over the past 45 years, biomineralization research has unveiled details of the characteristics of the nano-structure of various biominerals; the formation mechanism of this nano-structure, including the initial stage of crystallization; and the function of organic matrices in biominerals, and this knowledge has been applied to dental, medical, pharmaceutical, materials, agricultural and environmental sciences and paleontology. As such, biomineralization is an important interdisciplinary research area, and further advances are expected in both fundamental and applied research.
