الصفحة 1
الصفحة 1
Xenobiotic Metabolic Enzymes Bioactivation and Antioxidant Defense
Xenobiotics are commonly referred to as xenobiotics that humans digest or inhale and are not produced by the body, such as foods, drugs, other chemicals, and air pollutants. Metabolic conversion of xenobiotics to facilitate their removal from the body is catalyzed by activation and detoxification enzymes. These enzymes are essential for bioactivation and detoxification of xenobiotics. Many xenobiotics are non-toxic in nature; however, some of them become cytotoxic or carcinogenic after metabolic conversion. Reactive intermediates or metabolites generated during metabolic conversion are generally electrophilic in nature and are either cations or neutral compounds, including reactive oxygen species and free radicals. Metabolic reactive intermediate-mediated oxidative stress can cause damages to cellular components such as impairment of protein functions, membrane lipid peroxidation, and formation of DNA adduct.
Wind Turbine Control Systems : Principles, Modelling and Gain Scheduling Design
Modern wind turbines generally operate at variable speed in order to maximise the conversion efficiency below rated power and to reduce loading on the drive-train. In addition, pitch control of the blades is usually employed to limit the energy captured during operation above rated wind speed. The higher complexity of variable-speed variable-pitch turbines is offset by the benefits of control flexibility, namely, higher conversion efficiency, better power quality, longer useful life; because of the immediate impact of control on the cost of wind energy, reliable high-performance controllers are essential in making wind technology competitive.
Voltage-Enhanced Processing of Biomass and Biochar
The book explains aspects of this processing method in thermal and non-thermal plasmas, as well as describing the effects of Joule heating as part of the temperature distribution and conversion rate. In many ways, this book presents a detailed description of different processes and plasma discharges currently available, with the provision of experimental and simulation results gathered over years of research and development. Importantly, it also offers many methods by which we can be environmentally friendly when working with biomass and biochar.
Twenty-Sixth Symposium on Biotechnology for Fuels and Chemicals
Presents state-of-the-art research on how biotechnology is being used to produce high-volume, low-price products from renewable resources, as well as to improve the environment. In addition to the sessions on the conversion of lignocellulose into sugars and the conversion of sugars into products and fuels, this symposium focused on a review of the concept of the biorefinery-the integrated production of multiple products and energy at one site. Session topics included advanced feedstock production and processing, enzyme and microbial biocatalysts, bioprocess research and development, opportunities in biorefineries, and commercialization of biobased products. There was also a session on improving the rate, concentration, and efficiency of biological hydrogen production, and on designing processes to accomplish this. There was a general recognition among the participants of the need to move beyond corn sugar as the primary feedstock into lignocellulosics.
Third Generation Photovoltaics : Advanced Solar Energy Conversion
Photovoltaics, the direct conversion of sunlight to electricity, is now the fastest growing technology for electricity generation. Present "first generation" products use the same silicon wafers as in microelectronics. "Second generation" thin-films, now entering the market, have the potential to greatly improve the economics by eliminating material costs. Martin Green, one of the world’s foremost photovoltaic researchers, argues in this book that "second generation" photovoltaics will eventually reach its own material cost constraints, engendering a "third generation" of high performance thin-films. The book explores, self-consistently, the energy conversion potential of advanced approaches for improving photovoltaic performance and outlines possible implementation paths.
The conversion of liquid rocket fuels, risk assessment, technology and treatment options for the conversion of abandoned liquid ballistic missile propellants (Fuels and Oxidizers) in Azerbaijan
Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Research Workshop, held in Baku, Azerbaijan, 29 September - 3 October 2003
The conversion code : Stop chasing leads and start attracting clients
In this book, you'll learn to: Increase your lead conversion rate, reduce your cost per lead and improve your overall ROI from marketing and sales / Generate an endless supply of high-quality leads from social media that are easy to convert into closed sales / Stop chasing leads and start attracting clients with amazing marketing and clever ads / Adapt to the consumer privacy changes that have made targeting ads and getting leads to answer the phone harder than ever
Sustainable strategies for the upgrading of natural gas : Fundamentals, challenges, and opportunities ; Proceedings of the NATO Advanced Study Institute, held in Vilamoura, Portugal, July 6 - 18, 2003
The conversion of remote natural gas into liquid fuels or other transportable chemicals is a challenge to industrial catalysis. Few processes exist so far with the major ones involving the conversion of natural gas to synthesis gas by steam reforming, CO2 reforming, or partial oxidation, followed by the syntheses of methanol, hydrocarbons (Fischer-Tropsch synthesis), or ammonia. In this book, a comprehensive overview of the field of processing natural gas is given, through a series of chapters written by leading scientists and engineers in the field. New developments are discussed and current work relevant to the area is shown by a series of recent works by researchers working in this and related fields."
Sustainable Energy Technologies : Options and Prospects
This book provides an up-to-date review of the status and prospects of different options in energy conversion and storage technologies, as seen by a panel of world leading experts. It offers a platform for readers engaged in planning and undertaking new energy solutions or retrofitting and redesigning the existing installations to confront and to compare the pros and cons of various novel technology options. Contributing articles cover new clean and zero-emission coal technologies, solar, wind, nuclear, fuel cells, hydrogen and hybrid technologies, accompanied by treatises on the challenge of increasing global energy needs and consumption, issues of sustainability, and on specific ideas for efficient production and use of energy based on modern rationing technologies.
Sustainable Energy Production and Consumption : Benefits, Strategies and Environmental Costing
About addressing both energy supply and demand, security of access, development problems, equity, market dy- mics, by also taking into account the whole energy lifecycle including fuel production, transmission and distribution, energy conversion, and the impact on energy equipment manufacturers and the end-users of energy systems.
Spectroscopic Properties of Rare Earths in Optical Materials
Aimed at researchers and graduate students, this book provides up-to-date information for understanding electronic interactions that impact the optical properties of rare earth ions in solids. Its goal is to establish a connection between fundamental principles and the materials properties of rare-earth activated luminescent and laser optical materials. The theoretical survey and introduction to spectroscopic properties include electronic energy level structure, intensities of optical transitions, ion-phonon interactions, line broadening, and energy transfer and up-conversion. An important aspect of the book lies in its deep and detailed discussions on materials properties and the potential of new applications such as optical storage, information processing, nanophotonics, and molecular probes that have been identified in recent experimental studies. This volume will be a valuable reference book on advanced topics of rare earth spectroscopy and materials science.
Solar-to-chemical conversion : Photocatalytic and photoelectrochemical processes
Covers the fundamentals in solar energy conversion to chemicals, either fuels or chemical products. It includes natural photosynthesis with emphasis on artificial processes for solar energy conversion and utilization. The chemical processes of solar energy conversion via homogeneous and/or heterogeneous photocatalysis has been described with the mechanistic insights. It also consists of reaction systems toward a variety of applications, such as water splitting for hydrogen or oxygen evolution, photocatalytic CO2 reduction to fuels, and light driven N2 fixation, etc.
Solar Hydrogen Generation : Toward a Renewable Energy Future
Examines strategies for generating hydrogen from sunlight and water in a sustainable way. Authoritative discussions are provided by experts on topics ranging from a description of the solar resource, electrolysis of water, solar concentrator pathway to low cost electrolytic hydrogen, thermal/photo hybrid splitting of water, photochemical water splitting, hydrogen generation at inorganic semiconductor-electrolyte interfaces, to photobiological schemes for producing hydrogen from water. The book culminates with an analysis of a coupled water electrolyzer-solar photovoltaic system for the centralized production of hydrogen. The literature citation is extensive and comprehensive in each chapter and the book provides a broad perspective of the rapid developments in an important aspect of energy science and technology.
Silicon-Based RF Front-Ends for Ultra Wideband Radios
The book begins with an introduction of several transceiver architectures for UWB. The discussion then focuses on RF front-end of the UWB radio. First, the design and analysis of a performance-optimized CMOS distributed LNA is presented. This is followed by design of novel distributed RF front-ends for UWB IF-receivers (UWB-DRF). The book continues with the introduction of a novel distributed direct conversion RF front-end (DDC-RF). The DDC-RF power and area-efficiently combines the wideband distributed approach with IQ requirement of a direct conversion receiver. Furthermore, deploying merged LNA/mixer enables low-power design, while achieving superior linearity over the conventional distributed amplifiers.
Rise and Fall of Epithelial Phenotype: Concepts of Epithelial-Mesenchymal Transition
Epithelial phenotype is a dynamic stage of differentiation that can be modulated during several physiological or pathological events. The rapid conversion to a mesenchymal-like phenotype is called an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). The Rise and Fall of Epithelial Phenotype is the first book to comprehensively introduce the concept of EMT. The first part of this volume describes main examples and models and explains their physiological relevance. These examples include hydra morphogenesis, gastrulation in mouse, drosophila and sea urchin, as well as neural crest cell migration and heart morphogenesis in vertebrates. Part two reviews in detail, specific EMT molecular pathways covering extracellular induction, transduction and transcription response and modulation of cell-cell adhesion structures. It emphasizes new specific pathways with potential medical applications. EMTs can also be linked to pathological events such as wound healing and cancer progression.
Regulatory Risk and the Cost of Capital : Determinants and Implications for Rate Regulation
This book develops a comprehensive concept of regulatory risk integrating existing theoretical and empirical research. The focus is on explaining how the design of the regulatory system influences the risk of a rate-regulated firm, as well as on elaborating appropriate methods for the determination of the regulatory rate base and the allowed rate of return. Regarding the regulatory rate base, the question of whether market value of capital or book value of assets should be employed and the choice of the depreciation scheme are at the center of the discussion. Specific methodical issues concerning cost of capital assessment for rate-regulated firms are analyzed, i.e. the circularity of rate regulation, the sharing of risks between capital owners and rate payers, the length of the regulatory review period, the regulation of the capital structure as well as the conversion of a post-tax to pre-tax weighted average cost of capital.
Reference Data on Atomic Physics and Atomic Processes
This book is a data book for atomic and plasma physicists. Numerical data are given for atoms, atomic processes and atomic systems along with basic concepts and simple models for atomic physics of this area. Information of the same type for elements, for example atom and ion ionization potentials, is represented in the form of periodical tables. Atomic spectra and potential curves of diatomic molecules are given together with formulas and unit conversional factors for quantities of atomic physics and physics of ionized gases.
Recent Trends in Fuel Cell Science and Technology
Fuel cell science and technology is evolving fast for the past two decades as it is thought to be an efficient way of transforming chemical energy of hydrogen rich compounds to electrical energy. Although this idea of direct conversion of chemical energy to electrical energy was first demonstrated by Sir William Grove in 1839 using a fuel cell, it was only in the middle of the twentieth century when Bacon's pioneering work led to the use of fuel cell in space missions.This book aims to script the present status of the rapidly developing field of fuel cell science and technology
Quantum Computation in Solid State Systems
The aim of Quantum Computation in Solid State Systems is to report on recent theoretical and experimental results on the macroscopic quantum coherence of mesoscopic systems, as well as on solid state realization of qubits and quantum gates. Particular attention has been given to coherence effects in Josephson devices. Other solid state systems, including quantum dots, optical, ion, and spin devices which exhibit macroscopic quantum coherence are also discussed. Quantum Computation in Solid State Systems discusses experimental implementation of quantum computing and information processing devices, and in particular observations of quantum behavior in several solid state systems.
Post-Agricultural Succession in the Neotropics
Post-Agricultural Succession in the Neotropics draws implications from scientific studies for the wise management of old field ecosystems in the neotropics, where conversion of land to cropping systems is the most common kind of disturbance and many landscapes are defined by areas recovering from agriculture. The book provides a background in old field ecosystems and proposes restoration strategies and a trajectory for future research.
