الصفحة 8
الصفحة 8
Unifying Theories of Programming ; 1st International Symposium, UTP 2006, Walworth Castle, County Durham, UK, February 5-7, 2006, Revised Selected Papers
A number of formal notations and theories have now emerged and proved them-selves effective as tools for the practisingsoftware engineer. Within these theorieswe see a number of common themes, such as abstraction, refinement, choice, ter-mination, feasibility, concurrency and communication. The commonality of suchthemes opens perspectives for unifying theories, an activity which can increaseour ability to use existing methods and notations, to recognise their limitations,and to extend and generalise them.
Uniform Output Regulation of Nonlinear Systems : A Convergent Dynamics Approach
This book is one of the first systematic studies on the nonlinear output regulation problem that embraces both the local and global solvability analysis, covering such aspects as solvability conditions, controller design, and practical implementation issues.
Understanding the creeping crisis
This book explores a special species of trouble afflicting modern societies: creeping crises. These crises evolve over time, reveal themselves in different ways, and resist comprehensive responses despite periodic public attention. As a result, these crises continue to creep in front of our eyes. This book begins by defining the concept of a creeping crisis, showing how existing literature fails to properly define and explore this phenomenon and outlining the challenges such crises pose to practitioners. Drawing on ongoing research, this book presents a diverse set of case studies on: antimicrobial resistance, climate change-induced migration, energy extraction, big data, Covid-19, migration, foreign fighters, and cyberattacks
Understanding Statistics and Experimental Design : How to Not Lie with Statistics
Provides the background needed to correctly use, interpret and understand statistics and statistical data in diverse settings. Part I makes key concepts in statistics readily clear. Parts I and II give an overview of the most common tests (t-test, ANOVA, correlations) and work out their statistical principles. Part III provides insight into meta-statistics (statistics of statistics) and demonstrates why experiments often do not replicate. Finally, the textbook shows how complex statistics can be avoided by using clever experimental design.
Understanding Programming Languages
This book is about describing the meaning of programming languages. While a compiler or an interpreter offers a form of formal description of a language, it is not something that can be used as a basis for reasoning about that language nor can it serve as a definition of a programming language itself since this must allow a range of implementations. By writing a formal semantics of a language a designer can yield a far shorter description and tease out, analyse and record design choices.Early in the book the author introduces a simple notation, a meta-language, used to record descriptions of the semantics of languages. In a practical approach, he considers dozens of issues that arise in current programming languages and the key techniques that must be mastered in order to write the required formal semantic descriptions. The book concludes with a discussion of the eight key challenges: delimiting a language (concrete representation), delimiting the abstract content of a language, recording semantics (deterministic languages), operational semantics (non-determinism), context dependency, modelling sharing, modelling concurrency, and modelling exits.
Understanding Planning Tasks : Domain Complexity and Heuristic Decomposition
Action planning has always played a central role in Artificial Intelligence. Given a description of the current situation, a description of possible actions and a description of the goals to be achieved, the task is to identify a sequence of actions, i.e., a plan that transforms the current situation into one that satisfies the goal description. The book contains an exhaustive analysis of the computational complexity of the benchmark problems that have been used in the past decade, namely the standard benchmark domains of the International Planning Competitions (IPC). At the same time, it contributes to the practice of solving planning tasks by presenting a powerful new approach to heuristic planning. The author also provides an in-depth analysis of so-called routing and transportation problems.
Understanding Multimedia Documents
Understanding Multimedia Documents deals with issues of great interest to an expanding community of multimedia designers and professional users, such as teachers and information workers. Multimedia documents are increasingly used to communicate knowledge in the mass media and educational contexts. In order to improve their practice, designers, teachers, and other professionals interested in the use of multimedia documents must be aware of how multimedia documents impact students' perception, comprehension and use of information.
Understanding drugs markets : An analysis of medicines, regulations and pharmaceutical systems in the global south
Highlights the influence of the countries colonial and post-colonial history on their models for state regulation, production, and distribution, explores the determining role transnational actors as well as industries from the North but also and increasingly from the South play in influencing local pharmaceutical markets and looks at the behaviour of health care professionals and individuals. Stepping back, the authors then unpick the pharmaceuticalization process and the multiple regulations at stake by looking at the workings of, and linkages between, (biomedical health) pharmaceutical systems, (representatives of companies) industries, actors in private distribution, and consumer practices.
Understanding Digital Marketing : A Complete Guide to Engaging Customers and Implementing Successful Digital Campaigns
A practical, no-nonsense guide to digital marketing, giving readers all the information they need to feel confident engaging consumers online and implementing digital campaigns.
Understanding criminal investigation
Deciphers investigative process and practice, providing an authoritative insight into key debates and contemporary issues in crime investigations: Provides critical examination of investigative practice by focusing on the key issues and debates underpinned by academic literature on crime investigation.
Understanding Cities : Method in Urban Design
Creates the vital link between urban design theory and praxis and opens the required methodological gateway to a new and unified field of urban design. Using spatial political economy as his most important reference point, Alexander Cuthbert both interrogates and challenges mainstream urban design and provides an alternative and viable comprehensive framework for a new synthesis. He rejects the idea of yet another theory in urban design, and chooses instead to construct the necessary intellectual and conceptual scaffolding for what he terms 'The New Urban Design'. Building both on Michel de Certeau's concept of heterology – 'thinking about thinking' – and on the framework of his previous books Designing Cities and The Form of Cities, Cuthbert uses his prior adopted framework – history, philosophy, politics, culture, gender, environment, aesthetics, typologies and pragmatics – to create three integrated texts.
Understanding China’s School Leadership : Interpreting the Terminology
Outlines key terms of China’s school leadership in Chinese political and legal, financial, administrative, and cultural contexts. It reveals and interprets the real meaning of these practical terms based on existing laws, government documents, school policy texts as well as the latest empirical findings from school leaders and teachers’ surveys and interviews in China. Providing a holistic picture of China’s school leadership through the unique meanings of these terms, the book offers researchers and graduate students insights into school leadership practice and its context in China
Understanding and Using Linear Programming
An introductory textbook of linear programming, written mainly for students of computer science and mathematics. Our guiding phrase is, "what every theoretical computer scientist should know about linear programming". The book is relatively concise, in order to allow the reader to focus on the basic ideas. For a number of topics commonly appearing in thicker books on the subject, we were seriously tempted to add them to the main text, but we decided to present them only very brie?y in a separate glossary. At the same time, we aim at covering the main results with complete proofs and in su?cient detail, in a way ready for presentation in class. One of the main focuses is applications of linear programming, both in practice and in theory.
Understand, Manage, and Measure Cyber Risk : Practical Solutions for Creating a Sustainable Cyber Program
Provides tools and methods in a straight-forward practical manner to guide the management of your cybersecurity program and helps practitioners pull cyber from a “technical” problem to a “business risk management” problem, equipping you with a simple approach to understand, manage, and measure cyber risk for your enterprise. You will learn: Educate the executives/board on what you are doing to reduce risk / Communicate the value of cybersecurity programs and investments through insightful risk-informative metrics / Know your key performance indicators (KPIs), key risk indicators (KRIs), and/or objectives and key results / Prioritize appropriate resources through identifying program-related gaps / Lay down the foundational components of a program based on real examples, including pitfalls to avoid
Underactuated Robotic Hands
Grasping and manipulation skills are at the core of the development of modern robotic systems. With the introduction of robotics in new applications involving unstructured environments (e.g. space, undersea, surgery). The purpose of this book is to summarize years of research and to present, in an attractive format, the expertise developed by the authors on a new technology for grasping—namely underactuation—which has achieved great success both in theory and in practice. This book is not intended to be used as a textbook but could be used as a reference at the post-graduate level.
Uncertainty, Rationality, and Agency
This book is about Rational Agents, which can be humans, players in a game, software programs or institutions. Typically, such agents are uncertain about the state of affairs or the state of other agents, and under this partial information they have to decide on which action to take next. This book collects chapters that give formal accounts not only of Uncertainty, Rationality and Agency, but also of their interaction: what are rational criteria to accept certain beliefs, or to modify them; how can degrees of beliefs guide an agent in making decisions; why distinguish between practical and epistemic rationality when agents try to coordinate; what must be common beliefs between agents about each other's rationality in order to act rationally themselves; can an agent assign probabilities to planned actions; how to formalise assumptions about a rational speaker in a conversation obeying Gricean maxims.
Uncertainty in Mechanical Engineering ; Proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Uncertainty in Mechanical Engineering (ICUME 2021), June 7–8, 2021
Reports on methods and technologies to describe, evaluate and control uncertainty in mechanical engineering applications. It brings together contributions by engineers, mathematicians and legal experts, offering a multidisciplinary perspective on the main issues affecting uncertainty throughout the complete system lifetime, which includes process and product planning, development, production and usage. The book is based on the proceedings of the 4th International Conference on Uncertainty in Mechanical Engineering (ICUME 2021), organized by the Collaborative Research Center (CRC) 805 of the TU Darmstadt, and held online on June 7–8, 2021. All in all, it offers a timely resource for researchers, graduate students and practitioners in the field of mechanical engineering, production engineering and engineering optimization.
Uncertainty and Surprise in Complex Systems : Questions on Working with the Unexpected
This book is the outcome of a discussion meeting of leading scholars and critical thinkers with expertise in complex systems sciences and leaders from a variety of organizations sponsored by the Prigogine Center at The University of Texas at Austin and the Plexus Institute to explore strategies for understanding uncertainty and surprise. Besides distributions to the conference it includes a key digest by the editors as well as a commentary by the late nobel laureat Ilya Prigogine, "Surprises in half of a century". The book is intended for researchers and scientists in complexity science as well as for a broad interdisciplinary audience of both practitioners and scholars. It will well serve those interested in the research issues and in the application of complexity science to physical and social systems.
UMTS Radio Network Planning : Mastering Cell Coupling for Capacity Optimization
Interference determines the performance of UMTS radio networks. In order to provide good coverage and high capacity, network operators need to control the effects and dynamics of interference coupling among users and cells. This is a major challenge in planning and optimizing UMTS radio networks. In this book establishes a concise system model, which describes interference coupling and its impact on the network. The system model enables an efficient analysis of radio network performance. It is also the basis for new automatic planning algorithms. Extensive computational experiments on realistic data demonstrate that the presented evaluation and optimization methods are well-suited tools for use in practice.
Ultrasound of the Musculoskeletal System
A comprehensive reference and practical guide on the technology and application of ultrasound to the musculoskeletal system. It is organized into two main sections. The first is devoted to general aspects, while the second provides a systematic overview of the applications of musculoskeletal ultrasound in different areas of the body. Additional sections address instrumentation, interventional procedures, and pediatric applications. Each chapter of the second main section provides an introduction on clinical anatomy and the essentials of clinical history and physical examination. Thereafter, performance of the ultrasound study is explained and the normal and pathological anatomy is reviewed.
