الصفحة 8
الصفحة 8
Surface-Enhanced Raman Scattering : Physics and Applications
Almost 30 years after the first reports on surface-enhanced Raman signals, the phenomenon of surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) is now well established. Yet, explaining the enhancement of a spectroscopic signal by fouteen orders of magnitude continues to attract the attention of physicists and chemists alike. And, at the same time and rapidly growing, SERS is becoming a very useful spectroscopic tool with exciting applications in many fields. SERS gained particular interest after single-molecule Raman spectroscopy had been demonstrated. This bookl summarizes and discusses present theoretical approaches that explain the phenomenon of SERS and reports on new and exciting experiments and applications of the fascinating spectroscopic effect.
Surface and Interfacial Organometallic Chemistry and Catalysis
Heterogeneous catalysis has been essential to the development of efficient chemical processes for more than a century, and this field has been traditionally part of the solid state chemistry and surface science communities. The design of better catalysts has raised the following questions: "what is the structure of the active sites?" and "how to control their nature?" The necessary need to develop more sustainable chemical processes and the success of homogeneous catalysis relying on molecular organometallic chemistry has led the community of molecular chemists to investigate the preparation of single-site heterogeneous catalysts. The authors discuss the molecular design, the preparation, the characterisation and the catalytic applications of well-defined oxides and metal particles. The readers will acquire a molecular understanding of heterogeneous catalysis, which will help them develop a critical view and which will attract them to study this fascinating field.
Supramolecular Dye Chemistry
Dye chemistry was one of the initial topics of chemical research in the academicas well as industrial field. At the early stage of dye research, in the last decades ofthe 19th and the beginning of the 20th century, the focus was on the elucidationof structures of natural dyes aiming at the development of their chemicalsyntheses and to establish theoretical concepts for the understanding of thecolor–constitution relationship as a prerequisite for the design of new artificialcolorants. The major outcome of these pioneering efforts for mankind was thatcolor is no more a privilege of nature and, hence, multi-colored paints enteredour everyday life and textiles of any desirable shade became accessible.Nowadays most colorants have the purpose to satisfy our aesthetical needsand, thus, thousands of dyes and pigments are produced on industrial scales.Nevertheless, nearly periodically new demands arise for so-called “functionaldyes” whoseπ-conjugated systems exhibit novel functionalities beyond aes-thetical purposes. Optical brighteners or near-infrared absorbers are exampleswhere even transparency in the visible spectrum is desired and dyes for non-linear optics, holographic optical data storage and two photon absorptionare further examples where the color properties of “dyes” are insignificantlyrelated to the functional demands. Each chapter begins with an outline, abstract, and set of key words and ends with a ‘forward look’ that provides suggestions for further studies in the field. In summary, this book complements earlier ones in the field pertaining to functional dyes in general and supramolecular assemblies specifically.
Supported Metal Single Atom Catalysis
Single atom catalysis is one of the most innovative and dynamic research areas in catalysis science. Supported metal catalysts are used extensively across the chemical industry, ranging from fine and bulk chemical production to petrochemicals. Single atom catalysts (SACs) combine the advantages of both homogeneous and heterogeneous catalysts such as catalyst stability, activity, and high dispersion of the active phase.
Superior Beings. If They Exist, How Would We Know? : Game-Theoretic Implications of Omnipotence, Omniscience, Immortality, and Incomprehensibility
The book shows how game theory can help breathe life into questions that have been dismissed too quickly simply because they are metaphysical--outside the world of experience. Thereby he clarifies the structure of our thought about an ultimate reality, whether or not it is viewed as religious.
Superconductivity ; Vol.1 : Conventional and Unconventional Superconductors ; Vol.2 : Novel Superconductors
Conceived as the definitive reference in a classic and important field of modern physics, this extensive and comprehensive handbook systematically reviews the basic physics, theory and recent advances in the field of superconductivity. Leading researchers, including Nobel laureates, describe the state-of-the-art in conventional and unconventional superconductors at a particularly opportune time, as new experimental techniques and field-theoretical methods have emerged. In addition to full-coverage of novel materials and underlying mechanisms, the handbook reflects continued intense research into electron-phone based superconductivity. Considerable attention is devoted to high-Tc superconductivity, novel superconductivity, including triplet pairing in the ruthenates, novel superconductors, such as heavy-Fermion metals and organic materials, and also granular superconductors.
Sulfur Metabolism in Phototrophic Organisms
Provides, for the first time, in-depth and integrated coverage of the functions of sulfur in phototrophic organisms including bacteria, plants and algae; it bridges gaps between biochemistry and cellular biology of sulfur in these organisms, and of biology and environments dominated by them. This book is designed to be a comprehensive resource on sulfur in phototrophic organisms for advanced undergraduate and graduate students, beginning researchers and teachers in the area of photosynthesis, bacterial energy metabolism, biotechnology, plant nutrition, plant production and plant molecular physiology.
Sulfur in Plants : An Ecological Perspective
Combining an ecosystems approach with new insights at the molecular and biochemical level, this book presents the latest findings on how plants respond, physiologically, to sulphur in their environment.
Sulfur Assimilation and Abiotic Stress in Plants
Sulfur is one of the four major essential elements necessary for the plant life cycle. Its assimilation in higher plants and its reduction in metabolically important sulfur compounds are crucial factors determining plant growth and vigor and resistance to stresses. The range of biological compounds that contain sulfur is wide. The information on sulfur assimilation can be exploited in tailoring for efficient sulfur utilization, and in the applied approaches for the sustenance of agricultural productivity through nutritional improvement and increased stress tolerance. The present book discusses the aspects of sustainable crop production with sulfur, the importance of sulfur metabolites and sulfur metabolizing enzymes in abiotic stress management in plants.
Studies on Locke : Sources, Contemporaries, and Legacy In Honour of G.A.J. Rogers
This collection of new essays on John Locke by a constellation of leading Locke scholars focuses on his philosophy, biography, sources and influence. The topics discussed here include his theory of ideas, his debt to Stoicism, his relations the Dry Club and with his translator, Pierre Coste, and the hitherto overlooked critique by Thomas Beconsall. A major emphasis of the collection is the relationship between Locke and seventeenth-century philosophers, Descartes, Hobbes, Cudworth, Bayle, Malebranche and Leibniz. The coverage of Locke’s legacy extends to into the eighteenth-century legacy as far as Rousseau and Kant
Structured Population Models in Biology and Epidemiology
Consists of six chapters written by leading researchers in mathematical biology. These chapters present recent and important developments in the study of structured population models in biology and epidemiology. Topics include population models structured by age, size, and spatial position; size-structured models for metapopulations, macroparasitc diseases, and prion proliferation; models for transmission of microparasites between host populations living on non-coincident spatial domains; spatiotemporal patterns of disease spread; method of aggregation of variables in population dynamics; and biofilm models. It is suitable as a textbook for a mathematical biology course or a summer school at the advanced undergraduate and graduate level. It can also serve as a reference book for researchers looking for either interesting and specific problems to work on or useful techniques and discussions of some particular problems.
Structure and Chemistry of Crystalline Solids
Crystallographers have an elegant system using definitive notation for describing crystal structures, but it does not serve as well the needs of many others working with crystalline solids. Most chemists, metallurgists, mineralogists, geologists and materials scientists need a simple system and notation for describing crystal structures. Structure and Chemistry of Crystalline Solids presents a widely applicable system with simple notation giving important information about the structure and the chemical environment of ions or molecules. It is easily understood and used by those concerned with applications dependent on structure-properties relationships. Early chapters provide an introduction to crystal structures and symmetry for readers with a variety of backgrounds.
Structural Integrity Cases in Mechanical and Civil Engineering
Covers most of the damage mechanism in the scope of mechanical engineering and civil engineering. The failure pattern of various materials and structures is mainly discussed. The sub-topics covers fatigue damage, fatigue crack initiation and propagation, life prediction techniques, computational fracture mechanics, dynamic fracture, damage mechanics and assessment, non-destructive test (NDT), concrete failure assessment, failure on soil structures, structural durability and reliability, structural health monitoring, construction damage recovery, and any relevant topics related to failure analysis.
Structural and Functional Relationships in Prokaryotes
Aimed at senior level students pursuing a one-semester course in the biology or microbiology curriculum. The text takes a balanced view of prokaryotic physiology, discussing both bioenergetics and bacterial metabolism in a way that establishes general principles and concepts and emphasizes throughout the information gained from model systems. The book also covers some experimental design issues, giving students an appreciation of the practical aspects and consequences of bacterial metabolism. It also stimulates students’ interests in future developments in the field by including discussions by five world-famous bacterial physiologists about future developments in the field.
Stress-Activated Protein Kinases
To maximize the probability of survival, cells need to coordinate their intracellular activities in response to changes in the extracellular environment. MAP kinase cascades play an important role in the transduction of signals inside eukaryotic cells. In particular, stress stimuli result in the rapid activation of a highly conserved group of MAP kinases, known as SAPKs (Stress-Activated Protein Kinases). These kinases coordinate the generation of adaptive responses that are essential for cell survival, which include the modulation of several aspects of cell physiology from metabolism to gene expression.
Strategies to Enhance Environmental Security in Transition Countries
This volume presents the main environmental security challenges facing transition countries, as well as practical methods and approaches for addressing them. These approaches are equally applicable to all countries. The four basic topics this volume addresses are (I) Introduction to Environmental Security Challenges (II) Strategies, Methods and Approaches for Addressing these Challenges (III) Lessons Learned as Illustrated via Research and Case Studies (IV) Issues Related to Metals in the Environment. The final chapter of the book is a summary of the discussions and working group sessions, entitled "Environmental Security in Transition Countries: Knowledge Gaps, Hurdles and Effective Strategies to Address Them".
Storie di cose semplici = Stories of simple things
The nut, the thread, the key, the ring, the mirror, the button and the sphere are simple things that we encounter every day, but of which we often forget, because contemporary culture is more and more bewitched by the complexity of the systems and the lightness of virtual realities. This essay, countering Italo Calvino's five American Lectures, examines how "simple things" in fact often demonstrate their importance in simplicity, slowness, heaviness, singularity, in invisibility itself. But their "consistency" - this precisely should have been the sixth Lesson - lies precisely in the fact that their symbolic and real strength lies precisely in the fact that they are concrete things, which we can all touch, even when they take on a metaphorical meaning. The seven simple objects could have been accompanied by many other examples, but this book must remain above all a stimulus so that we can recover greater attention to the concreteness of things, which is not only important when they are placed in the windows of a museum of material culture, but because they are part of us. Literature and technique, art and philosophy, music and news, every day show how these "things" are the real protagonists of what the French call civilization: the Ring of the Nibelung, Pushkin's Button, and the "Brunelleschi's nut" are just a few examples of how these "things" have found a place of honor in history. And this is a book in which many stories are told, like fairy tales that introduce our things, to let us enter their world accompanied by fantasy.
Steel Corrosion and Degradation of its Mechanical Properties
Presents the state-of-the-art-knowledge on corrosion of steel, cast iron and ductile iron with a focus on corrosion-induced degradation of their mechanical properties. The information presented in the book is largely derived from the most current research on the effect of corrosion on degradation of mechanical properties. The book covers the basics of steel corrosion, including that of cast iron and ductile iron, that are not well covered in most literature. Models for corrosion-induced degradation of mechanical properties are presented in the book with a view to wider applications. The knowledge presented in the book can be used to prevent corrosion-induced failures of corrosion-affected structures, offering enormous benefits to the industry, business, society and community.
Statistics Applied to Clinical Trials
This book explains classical statistical analyses of clinical trials,andaddresses relatively novel issues, including equivalence testing, interim analyses, sequential analyses, and meta-analyses, and provides a framework of the best statistical methods currently available for such purposes.
St. Johns Wort and its Active Principles in Depression and Anxiety
Hypericum extract preparations are used extensively in many countries to treat mildly to moderately depressed patients. While this was based previously on traditional experience, extensive research over the last 10 years has given a broad preclinical and clinical basis to justify the use of Hypericum as an antidepressant. This book reviews the available data related to the biochemical, functional, and behavioural pharmacology of Hypericum and its active constituents. The clinical chapters overview the evidenced basis for its use as an antidepressant, initial data in anxiety and somatoform disorders, and the site effect profile of Hypericum and its possible relevant drug interactions. The known pharmacokinetics of the relevant constituents and the biopharmaceutical quality of commercially available Hypericum preparations are also discussed.
