الصفحة 30
الصفحة 30
Methods to study litter decomposition : A practical guide
Decomposition of organic matter is a major ecosystem process involving an array of different organisms, including bacteria, fungi and invertebrates. The main objective of this book is to provide students and laboratory instructors at universities and professional ecologists with a broad range of established methods to study plant litter decomposition. Detailed protocols for direct use in the field or laboratory are presented in an easy to follow step-by-step format. A short introduction to each protocol reviews the ecological significance and principles of the technique and points to key references. Although most methods are described for freshwater ecosystems, many will work equally well in the presented or slightly modified form for studies in marine and terrestrial environments.
Methods of microarray data analysis V
In this volume, all investigators analyzed a single dataset on the lifecycle of the most deadly of malaria parasites, Plasmodium falciparum. The emphasis this year is on the application of novel and existing computational methodologies towards infectious disease. We highlight an introductory chapter by Raphael D. Isokpehi, a leading expert in the field of malaria. Ten of the papers presented at the conference are included, which range from the inference of genetic networks to the analysis of the spatial correlation of array data. This book is an excellent reference for academic and industrial researchers who want to keep abreast of the state-of-the-art in microarray data analysis.
Methods of Celestial Mechanics: Vol. I: Physical, Mathematical, and Numerical Principles
G. Beutler's Methods of Celestial Mechanics is a coherent textbook for students in physics, mathematics and engineering as well as an excellent reference for practitioners. This Volume I gives a thorough treatment of celestial mechanics and presents all the necessary mathematical details that a professional would need. After a brief review of the history of celestial mechanics, the equations of motion (Newtonian and relativistic versions) are developed for planetary systems (N-body-problem), for artificial Earth satellites, and for extended bodies (which includes the problem of Earth and lunar rotation). Perturbation theory is outlined in an elementary way from generally known mathematical principles without making use of the advanced tools of analytical mechanics. The variational equations associated with orbital motion - of fundamental importance for parameter estimation (e.g., orbit determination), numerical error propagation, and stability considerations - are introduced and their properties discussed in considerable detail. Numerical methods, especially for orbit determination and orbit improvement, are discussed in considerable depth. The algorithms may be easily applied to objects of the planetary system and to Earth satellites and space debris.
Methods of Celestial Mechanics ; Vol. II : Application to Planetary System, Geodynamics and Satellite Geodesy
G. Beutler's Methods of Celestial Mechanics is a coherent textbook for students as well as an excellent reference for practitioners. Volume II is devoted to the applications and to the presentation of the program system CelestialMechanics. Three major areas of applications are covered: (1) Orbital and rotational motion of extended celestial bodies. The properties of the Earth-Moon system are developed from the simplest case (rigid bodies) to more general cases, including the rotation of an elastic Earth, the rotation of an Earth partly covered by oceans and surrounded by an atmosphere, and the rotation of an Earth composed of a liquid core and a rigid shell (Poincaré model). (2) Artificial Earth Satellites. The oblateness perturbation acting on a satellite and the exploitation of its properties in practice is discussed using simulation methods (CelestialMechanics) and (simplified) first order perturbation methods. The perturbations due to the higher-order terms of the Earth's gravitational potential and resonant perturbations are considered thereafter. Special attention is paid to satellites of the Global Navigation Satellite Systems and to geostationary satellites. The characteristics of and models for the two most important non-gravitational forces, atmospheric drag and radiation pressure, are presented as well as the most relevant forces acting on high- and low-orbiting satellites. (3) Evolution of the Planetary System. The outer planetary system consisting of the planets Jupiter to Pluto is studied over long time intervals using simulation methods and spectral analysis (CelestialMechanics). The properties of the inner systems, in particular of the Earth's orbit, are made visible by integrating the entire system over long time intervals relevant for climate change. The distribution of minor planets and their orbital properties, regular orbits, and chaotic orbits are easily generated and analyzed using CelestialMechanics. The volume concludes with the discussion of important mathematical tools of the program system and of the principles of spectral analysis.
Methods in Nonlinear Analysis
Nonlinear analysis has developed rapidly in the last three decades. Theories, techniques and results in many different branches of mathematics have been combined in solving nonlinear problems. This book collects and reorganizes up-to-date materials scattered throughout the literature from the methodology point of view, and presents them in a systematic way. It contains the basic theories and methods with many interesting problems in partial and ordinary differential equations, differential geometry and mathematical physics as applications.There are five chapters that cover linearization, fixed-point theorems based on compactness and convexity, topological degree theory, minimization and topological variational methods. Each chapter combines abstract, classical and applied analysis. Particular topics included are bifurcation, perturbation, gluing technique, transversality, Nash–Moser technique, Ky Fan's inequality and Nash equilibrium in game theory, setvalued mappings and differential equations with discontinuous nonlinear terms, multiple solutions in partial differential equations, direct method, quasiconvexity and relaxation, Young measure, compensation compactness method and Hardy space, concentration compactness and best constants, Ekeland variational principle, infinite-dimensional Morse theory, minimax method, index theory with group action, and Conley index theory.
Methods in consumer research ; Vol 1 : New approaches to classic methods
Brings together world leading experts in global consumer research who provide a fully comprehensive state-of-the-art coverage of advances in the classical methods of consumer science. The book touches on the latest developments in qualitative techniques, Including coverage of both focus groups and social media, While also focusing on liking, A fundamental principle of consumer science, Consumer segmentation, And the influence of extrinsic product characteristics, Such as packaging and presentation on consumer liking.
Methods for Constructing Exact Solutions of Partial Differential Equations: Mathematical and Analytical Techniques with Applications to Engineering
The book is primarily designed to present both fundamental theoretical and algorithmic aspects of these methods. The description of algorithms contains illustrative examples which are typically taken from continuum mechanics. Some sections of the book introduce new applications and extensions of these methods.
Methods and Applications of Singular Perturbations : Boundary Layers and Multiple Timescale Dynamics
Perturbation theory, one of the most intriguing and essential topics in mathematics, and its applications to the natural and engineering sciences.In a systematic introductory manner, this unique book deliniates boundary layer theory for ordinary and partial differential equations, multi-timescale phenomena for nonlinear oscillations, diffusion and nonlinear wave equations. The book provides analysis of simple examples in the context of the general theory, as well as a final discussion of the more advanced problems.
Methodology of Uniform Contract Law : The UNIDROIT Principles in International Legal Doctrine and Practice
In this book, the author examines uniform contract law comprehensively in all relevant areas of legal doctrine and practice and considers the barriers which exist toward it in modern nation states, namely in the German and English legal systems. She suggests ways in which these barriers can be overcome and develops an autonomous methodology of interpretation of transnational contract principles. The author wants to encourage the use of existing uniform transnational law rules, such as the UNIDROIT Principles of International Commercial Contracts, which are analysed here as an example.
Methodological Investigations in Agent-Based Modelling : With Applications for the Social Sciences
Examines the methodological complications of using complexity science concepts within the social science domain. The opening chapters take the reader on a tour through the development of simulation methodologies in the fields of artificial life and population biology, then demonstrates the growing popularity and relevance of these methods in the social sciences. Following an in-depth analysis of the potential impact of these methods on social science and social theory, the text provides substantive examples of the application of agent-based models in the field of demography. This work offers a unique combination of applied simulation work and substantive, in-depth philosophical analysis, and as such has potential appeal for specialist social scientists, complex systems scientists, and philosophers of science interested in the methodology of simulation and the practice of interdisciplinary computing research.
Metathesis Polymerization
Clearly illustrated and demonstrated by the entire series of Advances in Polymer Science., the area of polymer science is a rapidly developing and growing field, strongly influencing other areas of chemistry. Among other polymerization techniques, those based on metathesis polymerization have experienced significant progress. With a rapidly developing armory of initiators on hand, one is now capable of polymerizing various types of functional monomers by metathesis-based techniques.The latest developments in all these areas of metathesis-based polymerizations are summarized in this book. It is designed to attract equally students and advanced scientists working in the areas of polymer science, physical, and organometallic chemistry by providing both extensive background information and up-to-date interdisciplinary knowledge. Special consideration has been given to the literature sections in order to facilitate further reading.
Metallopolymer Nanocomposites
Highly dispersed nanoscale particles in polymer matrices are currently attracting great interest in many fields of chemistry, physics and materials science. This book presents and analyzes the essential data on nanoscale metal clusters dispersed in, or chemically bonded with polymers. Special attention is paid to the in situ synthesis of the nanocomposites, their chemical interactions, and the size and distribution of the particles in the polymer matrix. Numerous novel nanocomposites are described with regard to their mechanical, electrophysical, optical, magnetic, catalytic and biological properties. Their applications, present and future, are outlined. The book is addressed both to researchers who actively use these materials and to students entering this multidisciplinary field.
Metalearning : Applications to Automated Machine Learning and Data Mining
This book as one of the fastest-growing areas of research in machine learning, metalearning studies principled methods to obtain efficient models and solutions by adapting machine learning and data mining processes. This adaptation usually exploits information from past experience on other tasks and the adaptive processes can involve machine learning approaches. As a related area to metalearning and a hot topic currently, automated machine learning (AutoML) is concerned with automating the machine learning processes. Metalearning and AutoML can help AI learn to control the application of different learning methods and acquire new solutions faster without unnecessary interventions from the user.
Metal-Catalysed Reactions of Hydrocarbons
This unique book, drawing on the author’s lifetime experience, critically evaluates the extensive literature on the field of Metal-Catalysed Reactions of Hydrocarbons. Emphasis is placed on reaction mechanisms involving hydrogenation, hydrogenolysis, skeletal and positional isomerisation, and exchange reactions. The motivation for fundamental research in heterogeneous catalysis is to identify the physicochemical characteristics of active centres for the reaction being studied, to learn how these may be modified or manipulated to improve the desired behavior of the catalyst, and to recognize and control those aspects of the catalyst's structure that limit its overall performance. By restricting the subject of the book to hydrocarbons, Bond has progressively developed the subject matter to include areas of importance both to researchers and to those working in the industry.
Metal Matrix Composites
Metal matrix composites (MMCs) have become real engineering materials. MMCs have gone from "niche" materials to several high performance applications in aerospace, electronic packaging, automotive, and recreational products. This text focuses on the synergistic relationships among processing, microstructure, and properties of metal matrix composites. An introductory chapter is followed by a chapter each on reinforcements and common matrix materials. A chapter on the very important topic of processing of MMC is then presented. This is followed by a chapter on interfaces in MMCs, their characterization and techniques to obtain interfacial properties. Next there are chapters on monotonic mechanical and physical properties; followed by cyclic fatigue, creep, and wear resistance. We conclude with a chapter on applications of MMCs. The book is well-suited for upper level undergraduate students, graduate students, and as general source of reference on the subject for the professionals in the field.
Metal Catalysed Reactions in Ionic Liquids
Metal Catalysed Reactions in Ionic Liquids is the first non-edited book on the subject of metal catalysed reactions in ionic liquids and covers the literature from its origins until early 2005.The book begins with a general introduction to the field of biphasic/multiphasic catalysis and describes the synthesis, functionalisation and fundamental properties of ionic liquids relevant to catalysis.This book is an invaluable resource for all those working in catalysis, green chemistry, and advanced synthetic methods,
Metainformatics ; International Symposium, MIS 2004, Salzburg, Austria, September 15-18, 2004, Revised Selected Papers
Constitutes the refereed post-proceedings of the Metainformatics Symposium, MIS 2004, held in Salzburg, Austria. This book reviews 17 papers that are devoted to finding useful abstractions, analytical frameworks, and systems that improve the understanding of the underlying structure of disciplines and families of systems within computer science.
Metaheuristics for Scheduling in Industrial and Manufacturing Applications
This book deals with the application of various novel metaheuristics in scheduling. Addressing the various issues of scheduling in industrial and manufacturing applications is the novelty of this edited volume. Important features include the detailed overview of the various novel metaheuristic scheduling approaches, excellent coverage of timely, advanced scheduling topics, state-of-the-art theoretical research and application developments and chapters authored by pioneers in the field.
Metaheuristic Optimization via Memory and Evolution : Tabu Search and Scatter Search
Tabu Search (TS) and, more recently, Scatter Search (SS) have proved highly effective in solving a wide range of optimization problems, and have had a variety of applications in industry, science, and government. The goal of METAHEURISTIC OPTIMIZATION VIA MEMORY AND EVOLUTION: Tabu Search and Scatter Search is to report original research on algorithms and applications of tabu search, scatter search or both, as well as variations and extensions having "adaptive memory programming" as a primary focus. Individual chapters identify useful new implementations or new ways to integrate and apply the principles of TS and SS, or that prove new theoretical results, or describe the successful application of these methods to real world problems.The chapters of this book provide a series of landmarks along the way as we investigate and seek to better understand the elements of tabu search and scatter search that account for their successes in an astonishingly varied range of applications.
Metabolomics : A powerful tool in systems biology
This book brings together the latest results in the field of metabolomics. It comprehensively presents the current state of the metabolomics field by underscoring experimental methods, analysis techniques, standardization practices, and advances in specific model systems. As a result, it significantly broadens our perspective on the principles and strategies underpinning this emerging field.
