الصفحة 3
الصفحة 3
Molecules in Superfluid Helium Nanodroplets : Spectroscopy, Structure, and Dynamics
This book covers recent advances in experiments using the ultra-cold, very weakly perturbing superfluid environment provided by helium nanodroplets for high resolution spectroscopic, structural and dynamic studies of molecules and synthetic clusters. The recent infra-red, UV-Vis studies of radicals, molecules, clusters, ions and biomolecules, as well as laser dynamical and laser orientational studies, are reviewed. The Coulomb explosion studies of the uniquely quantum structures of small helium clusters, X-ray imaging of large droplets and electron diffraction of embedded molecules are also described. Particular emphasis is given to the synthesis and detection of new species by mass spectrometry and deposition electron microscopy.
Molecular Parameters Indicating Adaptation to Mechanical Stress in Fibrous Connective Tissue
The present study pursues the hypothesis that local compressive force and the occurrence of cartilage-specific transformation processes within tendons and ligaments are directly correlated. In selected anatomical samples of human origin the distribution pattern of certain components of the extracellular matrix is assessed. Investigations are carried out at the extensor tendons of toes and fingers, at the transverse ligament of the atlas, at the transverse ligament of the acetabulum, and at the tendon of the superior oblique muscle and its trochlea. The molecular components of the extracellular matrix are detected with standardized immunohistochemical methods. The results show that certain molecules only occur due to compressive stress, others due to tensile stress. The molecular spectrum of the extracellular matrix allows qualifying conclusions to the mechanical situation of a given part of the tissue. The spatial expansion of the fibrocartilaginous adaptation zones in tendons and ligaments roughly corresponds with the zones subjected to compressive force; tensile stress alone does not result in a production of fibrocartilage.
Molecular genetics, structures, mechanisms, and functions : Principles of gene manipulation and genomics ; Vol.1
Provides an overview of the future of genetic engineering and delves into the role of biotechnology and its applications in genetic engineering. It discusses the tools of recombinant technology, which have brought about revolution in our understanding of various complex biological phenomena. Chapters cover mutagenesis, construction, and sequencing of DNA libraries along with applications of genetic engineering for improving health, preventing genetic diseases, enhancing food resources, managing environmental bioremediation, and more. Topics include genetic engineering tools for restriction enzymes and vectors, gene and cell division, mutation detection and screening in plants, population genetics, sexuality in bacteria, and more. Several chapters focus on the tools of recombinant technology, such as restriction enzymes, vectors, etc., that have paved the way for creating organisms of choice and opened new horizons in the field of medicine, agriculture, and industry for human welfare.
Molecular bio-sensors and the role of metal ions
Represents a milestone of contemporary progress and understanding of molecular bio-sensors for metal ions. It is bringing together the latest research in academia and industry, and it also emphasizes the spectrum of evolving regulations from regulatory bodies. This vibrant research area is covered by 31 internationally recognized experts. The impact of MILS-23 is manifested by more than 1300 references and close to 200 figures, more than 100 of them in color; further information is summarized in several tables. In conclusion, Volume 23 significantly advances our understanding of Molecular Bio-Sensors, it is therefore an essential resource for scientists working in the wide range from earth sciences, material sciences, physics, pharmacology, enzymology, analytical, organic, and inorganic biochemistry all the way through to medicine including the clinic.
Molecular Biology in Plant Pathogenesis and Disease Management : Disease Management ; Vol.3
Exclusion and eradication of plant pathogens by rapid and precise detection and identification of microbial pathogens in symptomatic and asymptomatic plants and planting materials by employing molecular methods has been practiced extensively by quarantines and certification programs with a decisive advantage. Identification of sources of resistance genes, cloning and characterization of desired resistance genes and incorporation of resistance gene(s) into cultivars and transformation of plants with selected gene(s) have been successfully performed by applying appropriate molecular techniques. Induction of resistance in susceptible cultivars by using biotic and abiotic inducers of resistance is a practical proposition for several crops whose resistance levels could not be improved by breeding or transformation procedures. The risks of emergence of pathogen strains less sensitive or resistant to chemicals have been reduced appreciably by rapid identification of resistant strains and monitoring the occurrence of such strains in different geographical locations.
Modern Sliding Mode Control Theory : New Perspectives and Applications
This book is a collection of invited chapters covering several areas of modern sliding mode control theory. The authors identify key contributions defining the theoretical and applicative state of the art of the sliding mode control theory and the most promising trends of the ongoing research activities. The contributions is divided in four main parts: Part I: Basic Theory. Part II: Design Methods. Part III: Observers and Fault Detection. Part IV: Applications.
Modern cryotherapy as cancer treatment
Despite the new development of cancer therapy we noticed that we still have a high mortality rate and it is of importance to introduce all types of new cancer therapies to our patients in Syria. Cryotherapy is a new old option and first used in skin cancer which we will discuss in our study and we will also a new diagnostic tool for the most aggressive cancer melanoma which may help doctors to identify at which stage we can start with cryotherapy by early detection of that cancer. Breast and prostate cancers are the most common and lethal for women and men respectively however we will also add breast cancer in men, and the application of cryotherapy in such tumors, and our interest about bone tumor was based on the fact of the expanses of bone marrow transplantation in our country so we need many types of cancer therapies to prevent patients from reaching this option.
Modelling and Estimation Strategies for Fault Diagnosis of Non-Linear Systems : From Analytical to Soft Computing Approaches
This monograph presents a variety of techniques that can be used for designing robust fault diagnosis schemes for non-linear systems. The introductory part of the book is of a tutorial value and can be perceived as a good starting point for the new-comers to this field. Subsequently, advanced robust observer structures are presented. Parameter estimation based techniques are discussed as well. A particular attention is drawn to experimental design for fault diagnosis. The book also presents a number of robust soft computing approaches utilizing evolutionary algorithms and neural networks. All approaches described in this book are illustrated by practical applications.
Model-Driven Development of Reliable Automotive Services ; 2nd Automotive Software Workshop, ASWSD 2006, San Diego, CA, USA, March 15-17, 2006, Revised Selected Papers
This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-workshop proceedings of the Second Automotive Software Workshop, ASWSD 2006, held in San Diego, CA, USA in March 2006.The 11 revised full papers presented were carefully reviewed and selected from 18 lectures held at the workshop, that brought together experts from industry and academia, working on highly complex, distributed, reactive software systems related to the automotive domain. The papers are organized in topical sections on modeling techniques and infrastructures, model transformations, quality assurance, real-time control, as well as services and components.
Model-based Process Supervision : A Bond Graph Approach
Model-based fault detection and isolation requires a mathematical model of the system behaviour. Modelling is important and can be difficult because of the complexity of the monitored system and its control architecture. The authors use bond-graph modelling, a unified multi-energy domain modelling method, to build dynamic models of process engineering systems by composing hierarchically arranged sub-models of various commonly encountered process engineering devices. The structural and causal properties of bond-graph models are exploited for supervisory systems design.
Model-based Fault Diagnosis Techniques : Design Schemes, Algorithms, and Tools
The objective of this book is to introduce basic model-based FDI schemes, advanced analysis and design algorithms and the needed mathematical and control theory tools at a level for graduate students and researchers as well as for engineers.
Modal Array Signal Processing : Principles and Applications of Acoustic Wavefield Decomposition
Many applications of acoustic signal processing, such as teleconferencing and surveillance systems, require an estimate of several parameters present in the observed acoustic wavefield. The most important parameters are the number as well as the location of active acoustic sources. This book deals with the problem of detecting and localizing multiple simultaneously active wideband acoustic sources by applying the notion of wavefield decomposition using circular and spherical microphone arrays. The decomposed wavefield representation is used to serve as a basis for so-called modal array signal processing algorithms, which have the significant advantage over classical array signal processing algorithms that they inherently support multiple wideband acoustic sources. A rigorous derivation of modal array signal processing algorithms for unambiguous source detection and localization as well as performance evaluations by means of measurements using an actual real-time capable implementation are discussed.
Mobility Aware Technologies and Applications ; 2nd International Workshop, MATA 2005, Montreal, Canada, October 17 -- 19, 2005, Proceedings
The beginning of the twenty-first century is characterized by global markets, and the mobility of people is becoming an important fact of life. Consequently, the mobile user is demanding appropriate technical solutions to make use of customized information and communication services. In this context the notion of next-generation networks (NGNs), which are driven by the convergence of the entertainment sector, the mobile Internet, and fixed/mobile telecommunications, is emerging. Such NGNs are aggregating a variety of different access networks and supporting the seamless connection of an open set of end-user devices, and due to the adoption of an all-IP network paradigm they enable a much better integration of voice and data services. Coincidently the buzzword ‘fixed mobile convergence’ (FMC) describes the current trend towards providing common services across fixed and mobile networks resulting in the medium term in the full integration of fixed and mobile telecommunication networks. The adoption of appropriate middleware technologies and the provision of - called service delivery platforms driven by the ongoing innovation in the field of information technologies provides today the technical foundation for supporting terminal, personal and service mobility and thus the implementation of real seamless information and communication services. Furthermore, users are nowadays looking, in light of an omnipresent service environment, for a much higher degree of customization and context awareness in the services they use. The papers in this volume look at these enabling mobility-aware technologies and their use for implementing mobility-aware and context-aware applications.
Mid-infrared Semiconductor Optoelectronics
Mid-infrared Semiconductor Optoelectronics is an overview of the current status and technological development in this rapidly emerging area. It is composed of four parts. First, the basic physics and some of the main problems facing the design engineer (together with a comparison of possible solutions) are laid out. Next, there is a consideration of the multifarious lasers used as sources for mid-infrared technology, including an inspection of current approaches to the lack of such a source in the 3–4 µm region. Part III reviews recent work in light-emitting diodes and detectors and also deals with negative luminescence. The final part of the book is concerned with applications and highlights, once more, the diversity and technological importance of the mid-infrared spectral region.
Mid-Infrared Coherent Sources and Applications
Coherent sources of mid-infrared (mid-IR) radiation are of great interest for a wide range of scienti?c and technological applications from spectroscopy and frequency metrology to information technology, industrial process control, pho- chemistry, photobiology and photomedicine. The mid-IR spectrum, which may be de?ned as wavelengths beyond ?2µm, covers important atmospheric windows, and numerous molecular gases, toxic agents, air, water, and soil pollutants, c- ponents of human breath, and several explosive agents have strong absorption ?ngerprints in this region. The development of practical coherent solid-state sources in the mid-IR can thus provide indispensable tools for a variety of - plications in environmental monitoring and pollution control, detection of water and soil contaminants, food quality control, agriculture and life sciences, and n- invasive disease diagnosis and therapy through breath analysis.
Micrometastasis
Distant metastases are the main cause of cancer-related death. The onset of the metastatic process can now be assessed in cancer patients by the use of immunocytochemical and molecular methods that allow the identification of disseminated carcinoma cells in regional lymph nodes, peripheral blood or distant organs. There is increasing evidence that the detection and characterization of tumor cells present in bone marrow or peripheral blood can provide clinically important information. In this book, leading experts in the area of micrometastasis research provide an overview that summarizes the current state of research on micrometastatic disease in patients with solid tumors. In each chapter, the technical aspect as well as clinical relevance of micrometastasis detection is discussed. The book addresses basic researchers as well as clinicians involved in the treatment of cancer patients.
Microfluidics diagnostics : Methods and protocols
Explores a wide range of microfluidic-based approaches that exploit the unique features of microfluidic devices, which hold significant potential in the field of diagnosis. Beginning with a section on microchips for sample preparation, including cell-free DNA, exosomes, and cells, the book continues by covering protein marker analysis and detection, single-cell analysis, analysis of bacteria and viruses, as well as human cell-based culture and analysis. Written for the highly successful Methods in Molecular Biology series, chapters include introductions to their respective topics, lists of the necessary materials and reagents, step-by-step and readily reproducible laboratory protocols, and tips on troubleshooting and avoiding known pitfalls.
Microcirculation in Cardiovascular Diseases
This book offers an extensive review of the most recent data on the pathophysiological role of structural and functional alterations in the microcirculation, particularly focusing on hypertension and diabetes. It covers several relevant and innovative aspects, including the possible mechanisms involved in the development of microvascular remodeling and rarefaction, the technical approaches available for the detection of microvascular alterations, including non-invasive evaluations, the prognostic role of changes in small resistance artery structure, the possibility of preventing or regressing such alterations with appropriate treatment, and the potential clinical advantages of such intervention.
Microbial Root Endophytes
Plant roots may not only be colonized by mycorrhizal fungi, but also by a myriad of bacterial and fungal root endophytes that are usually not considered by the investigators of classic symbioses. This is the first book dedicated to the interactions of non-mycorrhizal microbial endophytes with plant roots. The phenotypes of these interactions can be extremely plastic, depending on environmental factors, nutritional status, genetic disposition and developmental stages of the two partners. The book deals with diversity, life history strategies, interactions, applications in agriculture and forestry, methods for isolation, cultivation, and both conventional and molecular methods for identification and detection of these endophytes. The comprehensive reviews demonstrate the high diversity of interactions and will provoke further studies to better understand the mechanisms which determine whether a plant-microbial interaction remains asymptomatic, leads to disease or to a mutualistic interaction.
Metastasis of Breast Cancer
The book has covered a broad range of topics in the metastasis of breast cancer, from genetics, biology to clinical management. Main topics include genetic control, biology, growth factors, cell adhesion, cell motility and invasion, natures of bone metastasis, sentinel node therapies, hormonal links, new biomarkers and detection of micrometastasis, and diagnosis The book also covers the current treatment options including surgical management, chemotherapy and hormonal therapies.
