الصفحة 2
الصفحة 2
Desert Dust in the Global System
Dust storms, produced by the removal of surface materials from the world’s drylands, are a vital component of the environment. This is because of their role in biogeochemical cycling, their potential influence on climate, their role in sediment accumulation and their influence on human affairs. This book, which is exhaustively referenced, explores and summarises recent research on where dust storms originate, why dust storms are generated, where dust is transported and deposited, the nature of dust deposits and the changing frequency of dust storms over a range of time-scales.
Dental caries perspectives : A collection of thoughtful essays
A collection of thoughtful Essays is a collection of varied insights that will enrich readers’ understanding of dental caries and inspire further exploration and discussion within the field. It addresses the importance of meticulous diagnosis of caries, highlighting new methods and technologies available to clinicians, as well as the significance of adopting minimally invasive dentistry approaches, such as selective caries removal and remineralization of incipient lesions, to enhance treatment quality and preserve dental tissue.
Dendrimer Catalysis
catalytically active dendrimers have emerged as a class of molecular catalysts that has substantially enriched the field of homogeneous (and in part heterogeneous) catalysis. A general survey of transition metal dendrimer catalysts and the way they have developed is followed by in-depth discussions of dendritic transition metal catalysis based on non-covalent catalyst-support interaction and an overview of the rapidly growing field of stereoselective dendrimer catalysis. The development of dendrimer-encapsulated bimetallic nanoparticles has provided the interface with heterogeneous colloid catalysis. As cheaper and readily accessible alternatives to regular dendrimers, hyperbranched polymers are increasingly being used as catalyst platforms. These topics are complemented by a review of metallodendritic exoreptors for the redox recognition of oxo-anions and halides.
Database and XMLTechnologies ; 5th International XML Database Symposium, XSym 2007, Vienna, Austria, September 23-24, 2007, Proceedings
This book discuss the use of and synergy between databases and XML. It provided theory and practice of XML data management and its applications. This volume also contains current research in XPath and XQuery processing, XML Updates, Temporal XML and Constraints.
Curriculum Reform in the European Schools : Towards a 21st Century Vision
Examines the modern role of the European School system within the European Union, at a time when the global economy demands a new vision for contemporary education. The European schools are currently in a state of crisis: their 60-year-old tradition of bilingual and multilingual education is being strained by rapid EU expansion and the removal of English speaking teachers as a result of Brexit. Their tried and tested model of mathematics and science education has rapidly been overtaken by new developments in pedagogy and assessment research, while recruitment and retention of students and teachers has become increasingly fraught as European member states review what they are, and what they are not, prepared to fund. The authors draw on original and empirical research to assess the European Schools’ place in a new Europe where the entire post-war European Project is potentially at risk. This well-researched volume will be of interest to practitioners working in European schools as well as students and scholars of EU politics and international education.
Crown lengthening by diode laser
Crown lengthening is a surgical technique aimed at increasing the amount of supragingival tooth structure for restorative or aesthetic purposes. it involves the removal of hard and soft periodontal tissue to expose more tooth structure above the gum line , allowing for longer clinical crowns and maintaining the biologic width .Various methods such as scalpel ,electrosurgery and laser can be employed for crown lengthening , with lasers offering several advantages over traditional techniques , including precision , minimal bleeding ,sterilization ,reduced swelling and scarring , coagulation ,vaporization ,and ,minimal postoperative pain .
Contemporary endodontics for children and adolescents
Describes pulp therapy from a holistic approach that highlights new developments in the field. Readers will find updates on the formation, structure and function of the dental pulp revealed by the latest single-cell technologies, and discussions on carious lesions and their impact on the pulp. The book examines clinical considerations in the decision to perform pulp treatment and emphasizes the need to integrate pupal diagnostics with patient-dependent factors such as behavior management and pulpal pain mechanisms. The second part of the book includes comprehensive descriptions of current treatments for each type of caries-inflicted tooth damage, from selective caries removal through direct pulp capping, pulpotomy, pulpectomy and root canal therapy for primary dentition to direct pulp capping and endodontic treatment of young permanent teeth.
Constructing Correct Software
Central to Formal Methods is the so-called Correctness Theorem which relates a specification to its correct Implementations. This theorem is the goal of traditional program testing and, more recently, of program verification (in which the theorem must be proved). Proofs are difficult, though even with the use of powerful theorem provers. This volume explains and illustrates an alternative method, which allows the construction of (necessarily correct) algorithms from a specification using algebraic transformations and refinement techniques which prevent the introduction of errors. Based on teaching material used extensively at Loughborough University, John Cooke introduces the basics, using simple examples and lots of detailed working (which can often be re-used). Constructing Correct Software will provide invaluable reading for students and practitioners of Computer Science and Software Engineering to whom correctness of software is of prime importance.
Conceptual density functional theory : Towards a new chemical reactivity theory
This two-volume reference book shows how conceptual density functional theory can reconcile empirical observations within silico calculations using density functional theory, molecular orbital theory, and valence bond theory. The ability to predict properties like electronegativity, acidity/basicity, strong covalent and weak intermolecular interactions as well as chemical reactivity makes DFT directly applicable to almost all problems in applied chemistry, from synthetic chemistry to catalyst design and materials characterization.
Computational intelligence and bioinspired systems ; 8th International Work-conference on artificial neural networks, IWANN 2005, Vilanova i la Geltrú, Barcelona, Spain, June 8-10, 2005, Proceedings
We present in this volume the collection of finally accepted papers of the eighth edition of the “IWANN” conference (“International Work-Conference on Artificial Neural Networks”). This biennial meeting focuses on the foundations, theory, models and applications of systems inspired by nature (neural networks, fuzzy logic and evolutionary systems). For scientists, engineers and professionals working in the area, this is a very good way to get solid and competitive applications. We are facing a real revolution with the emergence of embedded intelligence in many artificial systems (systems covering diverse fields: industry, domotics, leisure, healthcare, … ). So we are convinced that an enormous amount of work must be, and should be, still done. Many pieces of the puzzle must be built and placed into their proper positions, offering us new and solid theories and models (necessary tools) for the application and praxis of these current paradigms. The above-mentioned concepts were the main reason for the subtitle of the IWANN 2005 edition: “Computational Intelligence and Bioinspired Systems.” papers was addressing the following topics: 1. Mathematical and theoretical methods in computational intelligence.
Management of deep carious lesions
Describes the challenges that deep carious lesions pose for dental practitioners, including the risk of endodontic complications and the difficulty of restorative treatment, and identifies options for overcoming these challenges on the basis of the best available evidence. The opening chapter sets the scene by discussing pathophysiology, histopathology, clinical symptomatology, and treatment thresholds. The various treatment options are then systematically presented and reviewed, covering non-selective, stepwise, and selective carious tissue removal and restoration, sealing of lesions using resin sealants or crowns, and non-restorative management approaches. In each case the current evidence with respect to the treatment is carefully evaluated. Advantages and disadvantages are explained and recommendations made on when to use the treatment in question. Illustrative clinical cases and treatment pathways for clinicians are included. This book will be of value for all practitioners who treat dental caries and carious lesions, whether in the permanent or the primary dentition. It will also be of interest to under- and postgraduate students in cariology and restorative, operative, preventive, and pediatric dentistry.
Machining: Fundamentals and Recent Advances
Machining is one of the most important manufacturing processes. Parts manufactured by others processes often require further operations before the product is ready for application. Machining is the broad term used to describe the removal of material from a work-piece. Machining processes can be applied to work metallic and non-metallic materials such as polymers, wood, ceramics and composites.
Logic Based Program Synthesis and Transformation ; Vol. 3573 : 14th International Symposium, LOPSTR 2004, Verona, Italy, August 26-28, 2004, Revised Selected Papers
In this work, we devise an analysis that searches for semantically equivalent code fragments within a given logic program. The presence of duplicated code (or functionality) is a primary indication that the design of the program can be improved by performing a so-called refactoring transformation. Within the framework of our analysis, we formally characterize three situations of duplicated functionality and their associated refactorings: the extraction of a duplicated goal into a new predicate, the removal of equivalent predicates and the generalization of two predicates into a higher-order predicate. The resulting analysis detects in a completely automatic way what program fragments are suitable candidates for the considered refactoring transformations.
Leading Pharmaceutical Innovation : Trends and Drivers for Growth in the Pharmaceutical Industry
Pharmaceutical giants have doubled their investments in drug development in the past decade only to see new drug approvals remain constant. This book investigates and highlights a set of proactive strategies aimed at generating sustainable competitive advantage based on value-generating business practices. We focus on three sources of pharmaceutical innovation: new management methods in the drug development pipeline, new technologies as enablers for cutting-edge R&D, and new forms of cooperation and internationalization, such as open innovation in the early phases of R&D. Our findings are illustrated by cases from Europe, the US, and Asia.
Lasers in the Conservation of Artworks ; LACONA V Proceedings, Osnabrück, Germany, Sept. 15-18, 2003
Since 1995, when Costas Fotakis first brought together restorers and scientists to discuss the potential of lasers in art conservation, the field has grown enormously in importance, and today restorers and laser scientists work together to develop new applications. This book presents the more than six dozen research papers prepared for LACONA V (Lasers in Art Conservation), held in Osnabrueck/Germany in September 2003. The fifth congress once again gathers restorers, art historians, museum staff, laser scientists and laser manufacturers. The topics include, among others: laser cleaning of artworks (case studies and side effects), removal of former conservation layers, fundamentals of laser-artwork interaction, online monitoring and process control, laser diagnostics, spectroscopy for monitoring and identification, networks and co-operation projects.
Lasers in Restorative Dentistry : A Practical Guide
Presents the state of the art in the use of laser in restorative dentistry. After discussion of relevant background, basic physics and laser types, the full range of clinical applications is covered with the aid of more than 600 clinical photographs, charts, and tables.
Laser in restorative dentistry
The application of lasers in restorative dentistry has revolutionized dental treatments, offering enhanced precision, reduced discomfort, and improved clinical outcomes. Lasers have become a valuable tool in procedures such as cavity preparation, caries removal, tooth whitening, and composite resin curing. Their ability to selectively target diseased tissue while preserving healthy structures minimizes trauma and promotes faster healing. Moreover, lasers offer a less invasive alternative to traditional mechanical methods, often eliminating the need for anesthesia. This technology's versatility allows for its use in both hard and soft tissue treatments, including gingival recontouring and managing peri-implant diseases. As laser technology continues to advance, its integration into restorative dental practices offers significant potential for improved patient care, greater procedural efficiency, and long-term durability of restorations. Future developments in laser applications are expected to expand their role, making them an indispensable asset in modern dentistry.
Laser Dermatology
The continual array of laser technology throughout the world has been nothing short of miraculous. Over the last fifteen years, this field has continued to grow and expand with new technologies. This book represents the most up to date description of the latest in laser and light source technology.
Kinase Drug Discovery : Modern Approaches
Kinase inhibition remains an area of significant interest, and growing importance, across academia and the pharmaceutical industry. There are now many marketed drugs that target kinases and a significant number of compounds are currently in various stages of clinical development. This book is a forward-looking analysis of a number of key areas for kinase inhibition in the coming years and builds on the first volume. This includes topics such as screening approaches to target kinases along with different modes of inhibition such as allosteric and covalent. Novel approaches such as macrocyclisation are considered along with how the properties of kinase inhibitors have evolved, including the potential for brain penetration. Recent areas of great importance also covered include cutting edge molecular modelling approaches and the importance of kinase mutations.
Computational and Ambient Intelligence ; 9th International Work-Conference on Artificial Neural Networks, IWANN 2007, San Sebastián, Spain, June 20-22, 2007, Proceedings
This biennial meeting focuses on the foundations, theory, models and applications of systems inspired by nature (neural networks, fuzzy logic and evo- tionary systems).These new computational techniques are used in applications that try to bring a new situation of well-being to the user. The conjunction of a more and more miniaturized hardware together with the growing computational intelligence embodied in this hardware leads us towards fully integrated embedded systems-on- chip and opens the door for truly ubiquitous electronics.
