الصفحة 2
الصفحة 2
Nuel Belnap on Indeterminism and Free Action
Seeks to further the use of formal methods in clarifying one of the central problems of philosophy: that of our free human agency and its place in our indeterministic world. It celebrates the important contributions made in this area by Nuel Belnap, American logician and philosopher. Philosophically, indeterminism and free action can seem far apart, but in Belnap’s work, they are intimately linked. This book explores their philosophical interconnectedness through a selection of original research papers that build forth on Belnap’s logical and philosophical work. Some contributions take the form of critical discussions of Belnap's published work, some develop points made in his publications in new directions, and others provide additional insights on the topics of indeterminism and free action.
Nuclear Law : The Global Debate
This open access book traces the journey of nuclear law: its origins, how it has developed, where it is now, and where it is headed. As a discipline, this highly specialized body of law makes it possible for us to benefit from the life-saving applications of nuclear science and technology, including diagnosing cancer as well as avoiding and mitigating the effects of climate change. This book seeks to give readers a glimpse into the future of nuclear law, science and technology. It intends to provoke thought and discussion about how we can maximize the benefits and minimize the risks inherent in nuclear science and technology. This compilation of essays presents a global view in discipline as well as in geography.
Nuclear fusion research : Understanding plasma-Surface interactions
It became clear in the early days of fusion research that the effects of the containment vessel (erosion of "impurities") degrade the overall fusion plasma performance. Progress in controlled nuclear fusion research over the last decade has led to magnetically confined plasmas that, in turn, are sufficiently powerful to damage the vessel structures over its lifetime. This book reviews current understanding and concepts to deal with this remaining critical design issue for fusion reactors. It reviews both progress and open questions, largely in terms of available and sought-after plasma-surface interaction data and atomic/molecular data related to these "plasma edge" issues.
Nuclear Energy : Principles, Practices, and Prospects
The world faces serious difficulties in obtaining the energy that will be needed in coming decades for a growing population, especially given the problem of climate change caused by fossil fuel use. This book presents a view of nuclear energy as an important carbon-free energy option. It discusses the nuclear fuel cycle, the types of reactors used today and proposed for the future, nuclear waste disposal, reactor accidents and reactor safety, nuclear weapon proliferation, and the cost of electric power. To provide background for these discussions, the book begins with chapters on the history of the development and use of nuclear energy, the health effects of ionizing radiation, and the basic physics principles of reactor operation. The text has been rewritten and substantially expanded for this edition, to reflect changes that have taken place in the eight years since the publication of the first edition and to provide greater coverage of key topics. These include the Yucca Mountain repository plans, designs for next-generation reactors, weapons proliferation and terrorism threats, the potential of alternatives to nuclear energy, and controversies about low-level radiation.
Nuclear Condensed Matter Physics with Synchrotron : Basic Principles, Methodology and Applications
This book provides a comprehensive introduction to the growing field of nuclear condensed matter physics with synchrotron radiation, a technique which finds numerous applications in fields such as magnetism, physics of surfaces and interfaces, lattice dynamics and more. Due to the enormous brilliance of modern synchrotron radiation sources, the method is particularly suited for the investigation of low-dimensional structures such as thin films and nanoparticles. The use of isotopic probe layers, for example, allows one to determine magnetic and vibrational properties with very high spatial resolution; focusing techniques and x-ray interference effects lead to a very high sensitivity for smallest amounts of material. The book is written on an introductory level with many examples employed to illustrate the special experimental possibilities.
Nuclear back-end and transmutation technology for waste disposal : Beyond the Fukushima accident
Covers essential aspects of transmutation technologies, highlighting especially the advances in Japan. The accident at the Fukushima Daiichi Nuclear Power Plant (NPP) has caused us to focus attention on a large amount of spent nuclear fuels stored in NPPs. In addition, public anxiety regarding the treatment and disposal of high-level radioactive wastes that require long-term control is growing. The Japanese policy on the back-end of the nuclear fuel cycle is still unpredictable in the aftermath of the accident. Therefore, research and development for enhancing the safety of various processes involved in nuclear energy production are being actively pursued worldwide.
Nuclear and Radiological Emergencies in Animal Production Systems, Preparedness, Response and Recovery
This volume explains how major nuclear and radiological emergencies (NREs) can have implications at local, national and international level. The response to NREs requires a competent decision-making structure, clear communication and effective information exchange. National veterinary services have the responsibility to plan, design and manage animal production system in their countries. These activities cover animal health, animal movement control, production control and improvement, and control of the products of animal origin before their placement on the market.
Novel Developments for Sustainable Hydropower
This book presents (selected) new and innovative developments for sustainable and fish-friendly hydropower. It offers unique insights into the challenges, practices and policies of hydropower developments across 8 European countries, providing examples from on-site studies and European-wide analyses. The case studies throughout the book are practical “real-world” examples, which are intended to serve as inspiration for anyone who would like to know more about how solutions for more sustainable hydropower production can be designed and implemented. Hydropower is an important renewable energy source, which, however, can also impact aquatic ecosystems, fish populations and hydro-morphology. EU and national water, environmental and energy legislation strive for sustainable energy and water resource management as well as the protection of important habitats and species. These have an effect on the requirements and decision making processes for hydropower planning, commissioning and operation. With a high variety of measures existing and site-specific conditions as well as national and EU level legal requirements to consider, it can be difficult to determine, what issues to address and which measures to implement.
Nonsmooth Variational Problems and their Inequalities : Comparison Principles and Applications
The main purpose of this book is to provide a systematic and unified exposition of comparison principles based on a suitably extended sub-supersolution method. This method is an effective and flexible technique to obtain existence and comparison results of solutions. Also, it can be employed for the investigation of various qualitative properties, such as location, multiplicity and extremality of solutions. In the treatment of the problems under consideration a wide range of methods and techniques from nonlinear and nonsmooth analysis is applied, a brief outline of which has been provided in a preliminary chapter in order to make the book self-contained.
Nonlinear Structural Engineering : With Unique Theories and Methods to Solve Effectively Complex Nonlinear Problems
This book is aiming to concentrate on the nonlinear static and dynamic analysis of structures and structural components that are widely used in everyday engineering applications. It approaches a nonlinear problem by mathematically converting it into an exact equivalent pseudolinear one, in contrast to commonly used approaches which are based on linear concepts. The new concepts, theories and methods introduced in this book, simplify a great deal the solution of the complex nonlinear problems, and also allow for the correct usage of the powerful existing linear methods of analysis.
Nonlinear Oscillations in Mechanical Engineering
Nonlinear Oscillations in Mechanical Engineering explores the effects of nonlinearities encountered in applications in that field. Since the nonlinearities are caused, first of all, by contacts between different mechanical parts, the main part of this book is devoted to oscillations in mechanical systems with discontinuities caused by dry friction and collisions.
Nonlinear Dynamics of Structures Under Extreme Transient Loads
Covers model building for different engineering structures and provides detailed presentations of extreme loading conditions. A number of illustrations are given quantifying; a plane crash or explosion induced impact loading, the effects of strong earthquake motion, and the impact and long-duration effects of strong stormy winds—along with a relevant framework for using modern computational tools. The book considers the levels of reserve in existing structures, and ways of reducing the negative impact of high-risk situations by employing sounder design procedures.
Nonlinear dynamics in complex systems via fractals and fractional calculus
Current advances in the knowledge of nonlinear dynamical networks, systems and processes, as well as their unified repercussions, allow us to include some typical complex natural phenomena, from the nanoscale to an extra-galactic scale, in an unitarian comprehensive manner. In other words, the physical, biological and financial data, as well as technological ones (mechanical or electronic devices), of complex systems available today can be managed by the same unique conceptual approach, both analytically and through a computer simulation, using effective nonlinear dynamics procedures. This volume collected some important advances in the fields of fractal curves, fractal analysis and fractional calculus, as well as new solutions of fractal differential equations.
Noncommutative Geometry and Number Theory : Where Arithmetic meets Geometry and Physics
This volume collects and presents up-to-date research topics in arithmetic and noncommutative geometry and ideas from physics that point to possible new connections between the fields of number theory, algebraic geometry and noncommutative geometry. The articles collected in this volume present new noncommutative geometry perspectives on classical topics of number theory and arithmetic such as modular forms, class field theory, the theory of reductive p-adic groups, Shimura varieties, the local Lfactors of arithmetic varieties. They also show how arithmetic appears naturally in noncommutative geometry and in physics, in the residues of Feynman graphs, in the properties of noncommutative tori, and in the quantum Hall effect.
Noncommunicable diseases
Focuses on cardiovascular disease, diabetes, cancer and chronic respiratory disease and their five shared main risk factors (tobacco use, harmful use of alcohol, unhealthy diet, physical inactivity and air pollution) as defined by the United Nations, this book provides a synopsis of one of the world’s biggest challenges of the 21st century. NCDs prematurely claim the lives of millions of people across the world every year, with untold suffering to hundreds of millions more, trapping many people in poverty and curtailing economic growth and sustainable development. While resources between and within countries largely differ, the key principles of surveillance, prevention and management apply to all countries, as does the need to focus resources on the most cost-effective and affordable interventions and the need for strong political will, sufficient resources, and sustained and broad partnerships. This compendium consists of 59 short and accessible chapters in six sections: (i) describing and measuring the burden and impact of NCDs / (ii) the burden, epidemiology and priority interventions for individual NCDs / (iii) social determinants and risk factors for NCDs and priority interventions / (iv) global policy / (v) cross-cutting issues / and (vi) stakeholder action.
Nitrogen therapy
Cryotherapy: is a surgical method using the application of low temperatures to living tissue, resulting in tissue destruction. It is an extremely valuable alternative to more invasive surgical option because of its cost effectiveness, excellent aesthetic results, and rapid delivery. With proper training, common skin diseases can be treated in a variety of settings, such as ambulatory surgical areas, doctors' offices, and nursing homes.
Nimesulide - Actions and Uses
Nimesulide is a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug (NSAID) which acts as a cyclooxygenase- 2 inhibitor but also has other novel pharmacological features which account for its effect in the control of pain and inflammation. It has become a leading NSAID in over 50 countries worldwide. This book provides a comprehensive and fully up-to-date critical review of the published literature on nimesulide, including comparisons with anti-inflammatory, analgesic and antipyretic agents. The emphasis is on the action of nimesulide in relation to its therapeutic and side effects in comparison with other established NSAIDs, including the new class of Coxibs.
Nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor Signaling in Neuroprotection
Presents the roles and mechanisms of signal transduction triggered by nicotinic acetylcholine receptors (nAChRs) stimulation in neuroprotection against toxic effects of risk factors of neurodegenerative diseases. Accumulating evidence suggests that nAChRs in the CNS play important roles not only in excitatory neurotransmission but also in neuronal survival and related functions. Neuroprotection mediated by nAChRs in neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's disease is the major topic of this book. In response to rapidly evolving areas in clinical and laboratory neuropharmacology and neurochemistry, this volume provides in-depth coverage of neuroprotection in basic research and future developments in the clinical application of effective neuroprotective strategies in neurodegenerative diseases. This work appeals to both basic and clinical researchers in several fields, such as neuroscience, neurology, and pharmacology.
Nez, gorge, oreille en médecine traditionelle chinoise = Nose, throat, ear in traditional Chinese medicine
ENT doctor for forty years, acupuncturist for thirty years, Bernard Cygler occupies a privileged position between "West" and "East". Chinese vision provides incomparable help in understanding and attempting to cure ailments that are particularly hopeless in Western medicine such as nasal polyposis, anosmia, and tinnitus. It is valuable in that it offers the possibility of avoiding surgical procedures or allopathic treatments with sometimes unpleasant side effects. This approach aims to treat the patient rather than the symptom, the whole rather than the disease itself. With his medico-surgical experience and his practice of Chinese medicine, the author tried to "marry" the two facets of his exercise while remaining faithful to traditional texts in the spirit of the French Acupuncture Association. , to which it belongs. The humanist approach delivered by the author, combining "tradition and modernity", is characterized by a desire for transmission so that a certain idea of the art of healing may live on for longer. Doctor Bernard Cygler, former intern and former head of clinic-assistant of hospitals, head of hospital ENT department from 1972 to 2003 is a member of the French Acupuncture Association and of the French Acupuncture College. He has written numerous publications in traditional Chinese medicine.
New Vision of Metformin in treating cancer
The anti-diabetic drug metformin is rapidly emerging as a potential anticancer agent. Metformin is a biguanide that is effective in treating type 2 diabetes and the insulin resistance syndromes, improves insulin resistance by reducing hepatic gluconeogensis and by enhancing glucose uptake by skeletal muscle. Metformin can reduce the incidence of cancers and can reduce the mortality from cancers, increase the response to treatment cancer cells when using radiotherapy and chemotherapy, reduce the likelihood of relapse. Diabetes can be a factor in the occurrence of various types of cancer, and develop a variety of cancers such as colo-rectal, pancreas and liver cancers, compared to non-diabetic patients. Incidence of various cancers is high among patients of T2DM due to insulin resistance and mitogenic effects caused by hyperglycemia.
