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Xenobiotics are commonly referred to as xenobiotics that humans digest or inhale and are not produced by the body, such as foods, drugs, other chemicals, and air pollutants. Metabolic conversion of xenobiotics to facilitate their removal from the body is catalyzed by activation and detoxification enzymes. These enzymes are essential for bioactivation and detoxification of xenobiotics. Many xenobiotics are non-toxic in nature; however, some of them become cytotoxic or carcinogenic after metabolic conversion. Reactive intermediates or metabolites generated during metabolic conversion are generally electrophilic in nature and are either cations or neutral compounds, including reactive oxygen species and free radicals. Metabolic reactive intermediate-mediated oxidative stress can cause damages to cellular components such as impairment of protein functions, membrane lipid peroxidation, and formation of DNA adduct.